Publication: Mongolia Public Finance Review: Health Background Note
Loading...
Date
2025-07-10
ISSN
Published
2025-07-10
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
This background note provides more detail on the key findings for the health sector from the forthcoming World Bank 2025 Mongolia Public Finance Review. It is intended for policymakers and practitioners who are interested to know more about the efficiency of health spending in Mongolia. It can be read in conjunction with the Public Finance Review or as a standalone report.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2025. Mongolia Public Finance Review: Health Background Note. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/43443 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Gabon Public Expenditure Review : Better Management of Public Finance to Achieve Millennium Development Goals(Washington, DC, 2012-03)Although Gabon has witnessed a significant decline in oil production over the last fifteen years, it still generates significant oil revenue which, due to its small population enables the country to have a per capita gross national income that is among the highest in Africa (8643 USD in 2010) and to be classified as an upper-middle income country. Despite this high level of wealth, the country is ranked 106th out of 187 countries in the Human Development Index of the United Nations (0.674 in 2011). Consequently, the major challenge for Gabon remains the effective use of its oil resources to diversify its economy, improve its basic social services and infrastructure, while accumulating financial savings that will enable the country to avoid sudden and sharp cuts in public spending once the oil resources have been used up. The Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (GPRSP) that covered the period from 2006 to 2008 targeted the reversal of the downward trend of the main development indicators and a significant improvement in the living conditions of the population. It was prepared using a consultative approach, based on the broad participation of civil society, and results-oriented, with the ultimate goal of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It was structured around four strategy areas: (i) promoting strong, sustainable, high quality and pro-poor economic growth, (ii) significantly improving access of the entire population to basic social services, (iii) improving infrastructure, and (iv) promoting good governance. The analysis of budgetary expenditure in the priority sectors during the period 2006-08, shows that this expenditure was far below the envisaged envelopes. The achievement rates for road programs fluctuate between 0 percent and 55 percent. This may partly explain the slow progress towards achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs).Publication Ethiopia Public Expenditure Review : The Emerging Challenge, Volume 1. Public Spending in the Social Sectors 2000-2020(Washington, DC, 2004-06)This Public Expenditure Review (PER) features the expenditure requirements confronting the government which are enormous; and, the expenditure requirements confronting Ethiopia which are compounded by rapid population growth. The expenditure consequences are significant, because social programs are intensive in their demands on recurrent resources, so the expansions being committed to today, could overwhelm budget obligations in 20 years time, crowding out the capacity to fund other investments for growth. Furthermore, because of the very limited capacity to finance these needs domestically, they will heavily influence foreign aid requirements over the next two decades. Finally, because the cost of these programs fall primarily on the regional and local governments, they imply the need for a major increase in the share of resources transferred to lower level governments. The object of this PER is to put the numbers on the table to inform this debate. Current spending on education, health, population, food security transfers, and water supply is examined, along with an assessment of its adequacy, effectiveness, and absorptive capacity. The PER then projects the costs of alternative coverage targets over the next 20 years, including the costs of reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and examines the implications for financing, and sectoral policy choices. Three cost scenarios are forecast for each sector: a 'business-as-usual' scenario that shows the cost of just keeping up with population growth; an 'Extended (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ) PRSP' scenario, that projects the costs of continuing with moderately ambitious targets developed over the past few years; and, finally an 'MDGs Plus' scenario that forecasts the full costs of implementing the most ambitious plans that government is currently proposing in various policy documents. The report comprises two volumes: public spending in the social sectors 2000-2020 (V. 1), and, medium trends and recent developments in public spending (v. 2), that includes statistical annexes.Publication Seychelles - Selected Issues : Social Protection, Labor Market and Public Enterprise Reforms - Public Expenditure Review 2(World Bank, 2011-03-01)Until 2008, Seychelles pursued a state-led economic model of self sufficiency which ultimately proved unsustainable. In 2008, precipitated by rising global commodity prices, Seychelles entered a balance of payments and debt crisis, as international reserves were virtually depleted and external debt service payments were missed. The Government of Seychelles responded quickly by floating the rupee and liberalizing the foreign exchange regime, and agreeing a program with the International Monetary Fund under a 2 year stand-by agreement in November 2008. Although the liberalization of the exchange rate in November 2008 led to initial inflation rates in excess of 60 percent, the relative prices shock was quickly absorbed. Annual inflation fell from a high of positive 63.3 percent in December 2008 to negative 1.0 in August 2010. As the price and foreign exchange controls were lifted, the informal market in foreign currency quickly disappeared. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) also provided the Bank with an analytical basis to inform development policy lending in 2010. The specific objectives of the review are to: (i) provide an update on the macroeconomic stabilization efforts and changes to the fiscal policy for medium term debt sustainability and a more efficient and affordable public sector; (ii) analyze key public enterprise reform issues, including a review of the recently introduced legal and institutional changes to improve governance and oversight of the sector; and (iii) review the performance of the social security and labor market and an assessment of the ability of the private sector to absorb employees being retrenched as a result of the civil service reforms.Publication Albania Public Finance Review : Part 2. Improving the Efficiency and Quality of Public Spending(Washington, DC, 2014-05)Albania's rapid growth in the decade up to the 2008 global financial crisis propelled it to middle-income status and helped to reduce poverty. The global financial crisis in 2008 slammed the brakes on Albania's largely domestic-demand-driven growth. The government has accumulated sizable arrears in payments for public works and value-added tax (VAT) refunds. In a baseline scenario of no policy reforms, Albania's public debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio is projected to reach 73.5 percent in 2015 and stay above 72 percent over the medium term. Empirical evidence confirms that high public debt depresses economic activity and significantly increases the probability of default. This report examines closely the opportunities for fiscal consolidation on both the revenue and expenditure sides. Combined effect of structural reforms will reduce Albania's public debt to GDP ratio significantly over the medium term. It can in parallel rebalance its capital spending, particularly in transport, toward maintenance to support growth. Albania needs to strengthen its institutions to reinforce financial discipline and strengthen fiscal policy. Institutional reforms are particularly needed with regard to public financial management (PFM) and introducing a fiscal rule to anchor policy over the medium term.Publication Kosovo Public Finance Review : Fiscal Policies for a Young Nation(Washington, DC, 2014-06)Kosovo is Europe s youngest country, both in terms of history and demographics. As part of the former Yugoslavia, Kosovo became a separate territory under United Nations administration in 1999, and declared its independence in 2008. By February 2014 it had been recognized by 106 UN member states including 23 out of 28 EU members. Kosovo is a potential candidate for European Union (EU) membership and is currently negotiating a Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Commission. From 1999 Kosovo has been using the Deutsche Mark and, since 2002, its successor currency, the Euro, as legal tender. Kosovo is a landlocked country in South East Europe (SEE) with about 1.8 million inhabitants and a large migrant population based mainly in Western European countries. Kosovo has taken great strides to rebuild an economy destroyed by the collapse of Yugoslavia and the 1998-99 war, with sound fiscal numbers and budgets focused on capital expenditure. In general, Kosovo s headline macroeconomic indicators are also relatively sound. Growth has averaged over 4 percent since 2000 and remained positive after 2008 during the global crisis years. Household survey evidence for 2006-11 suggests that economic growth benefitted all sections of society but the poorest 40 percent of the population saw consumption rise faster than wealthier groups. Public and private investments have made large contributions toward economic growth over the last five years as efforts to rebuild the economy continued.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Algeria Economic Update, Spring 2025(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-06-20)Algeria’s economic growth remained robust in 2024 but is expected to slow moderately in 2025. Strong investment momentum and robust growth in household consumption, both fueled by government spending, supported manufacturing and services activity, while agricultural production accelerated. However, growth in domestic demand boosted imports, which, combined with lower hydrocarbon production and exports, weighed on growth. Overall, non-hydrocarbon GDP grew at a pace of 4.8 percent, offsetting the 1.4 percent contraction in GDP from hydrocarbons. Real GDP growth is projected at 3.3 percent in 2025, driven by the rebound in growth in the hydrocarbon sectors (+1.6 percent), boosted by the recovery of OPEC production quotas and gas production. Non-hydrocarbon growth is expected to slow (+3.6 percent), driven by the expected consolidation of public spending, which would be more marked for investment. Agricultural production is expected to remain robust despite limited rainfall, offsetting the slowdown in industry and services. The analysis of productivity trends in different sectors offers avenues for reflection to accelerate the structural transformation of the Algerian economy. The public-spending-led growth model resulted in important economic and social achievements in the 2000s, before slowing down in the last decade as the pace of spending growth became unsustainable. In doing so, this growth model has steered employment to low-value-added sectors, including non-commercial services and construction. In addition, a comparative analysis of Algerian productivity suggests a heterogeneous performance, with strong momentum in the agricultural sector contrasting with limited gains in the manufacturing sector. Thus, a growth acceleration could be achieved by increasing productivity gains in the manufacturing and services sectors, on the one hand, and a gradual reallocation of employment to high-value-added sectors on the other, combined with a gradual rebalancing of public spending. Such an economic transformation calls for targeted cross-cutting and sectoral policies to support growth and jobs in the private sector, while equipping workers with the necessary skills.Publication Mapping Impact In Chad(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-06-25)In the Sahel, Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) is a set of social protection policies, systems, and programs that promote human capital, productivity, and resilience of the poorest and strengthen their capacity to prepare for, cope with, and adapt to shocks. Through the delivery of regular social safety nets, productive inclusion interventions, and shock-responsive programs, ASP has demonstrated strong positive impacts on various dimensions in the Sahel. For the poorest and most vulnerable, it has resulted in improvements in household welfare and food security, productivity, and resilience. More broadly, it has shown significant positive impacts on the economy, society, and future generations.Publication The Earlier the Better? Impact of Shock-responsive Monetary Transfers for Drought in Niger(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-07-10)This brief highlights the impact of providing early transfers to respond to droughts shocks faster than the traditional response.Publication Indonesia Economic Prospects, June 2025(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-06-23)Indonesia’s economy remains resilient amid worsening global conditions. GDP grew at 4.9 percent year-on-year (yoy) in Q1-2025, slightly lower than previous post-pandemic quarters. Domestic demand was impacted by reduced government consumption and lower investment. Budget efficiency measures led to a contraction in public consumption, while investment in the construction and manufacturing sectors dipped due to investors’ concerns over domestic and global policy uncertainty. Meanwhile, declining commodity prices worsened Indonesia’s terms of trade. The supply side showed notable contributions from the agriculture and services sectors. Businesses and households are adjusting to economic uncertainty, but weak consumption of middle-class households has been persistent since the pandemic. The GOI structural reform agenda could accelerate growth further. In response to rising global policy uncertainty, the GOI devised a program of deregulation including reforms to the business environment and licensing, investment liberalization, trade and logistics reforms, and digital services. These reforms complement other reforms currently in play, like those related to financial sector deepening, and accompany the demand stimulus that the GOI is targeting through its priority programs. If implemented, these reforms could gradually expand the economy’s capacity, unlock further FDI, boost investment returns, and ensure productivity gains. The report suggests that this will translate into better job creation and raise GDP growth to 5.3-5.5 percent in 2026-2027. This report identifies the necessary steps to reach the target of providing 3 million housing units each year. In short, to meet the housing target and supercharge current efforts, the government needs to act as both a housing provider and a housing facilitator: instituting housing regulation reforms, accelerating public-funded housing programs, and creating an enabling environment that attracts private investment in Indonesia. Directly, 3.8 billion dollars in annual public investments can create an estimated 2.3 million jobs and mobilize 2.8 billion dollars in private capital. Reforms can create an enabling environment for housing investments and indirectly help multiply this impact.Publication Port Reform Toolkit(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-07-31)Ports are undergoing constant transformation, induced by changes in the global economy, technology, or the environment. Port reform is influenced by factors that include aspirations for change underpinned by complex internal and external drivers. In a sector where public and private interests must work together, closely managing change is important. Having the right tools is key for a successful port reform and improvement process which enables economic growth, creates jobs, and fosters sustainable development. For over two decades, the Port Reform Toolkit has been one of the most comprehensive guides for implementing port reforms. Along the way, the Toolkit has evolved in response to changing sectoral trends. The first edition, published in 2001, established a common language for policymakers and port industry stakeholders. It has since become the established reference for port privatization, labor, and modernization programs. Further experiences from a first wave of port reforms in Latin America, Africa, and Asia in the 1990s and early 2000s informed the second edition of the Toolkit, which was released in 2007. By that time, ports in developing economies had attracted over 21 billion dollars in investments from over 200 public-private partnership projects. In this context, the Port Reform Toolkit enabled port stakeholders to provide strategic advice to governments and the private sector.