Publication:
The Exposure of Workers to Artificial Intelligence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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dc.contributor.authorDemombynes, Gabriel
dc.contributor.authorLangbein, Jörg
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Michael
dc.date.accessioned2025-02-05T19:31:14Z
dc.date.available2025-02-05T19:31:14Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-05
dc.description.abstractResearch on the labor market implications of artificial intelligence has focused principally on high-income countries. This paper analyzes this issue using microdata from a large set of low- and middle-income countries, applying a measure of potential artificial intelligence occupational exposure to a harmonized set of labor force surveys for 25 countries, covering a population of 3.5 billion people. The approach advances work by using harmonized microdata at the level of individual workers, which allows for a multivariate analysis of factors associated with exposure. Additionally, unlike earlier papers, the paper uses highly detailed (4 digit) occupation codes, which provide a more reliable mapping of artificial intelligence exposure to occupation. Results within countries, show that artificial intelligence exposure is higher for women, urban workers, and those with higher education. Exposure decreases by country income level, with high exposure for just 12 percent of workers in low-income countries and 15 percent of workers in lower-middle-income countries. Furthermore, lack of access to electricity limits effective exposure in low-income countries. These results suggest that for developing countries, and in particular low-income countries, the labor market impacts of artificial intelligence will be more limited than in high-income countries. While greater exposure to artificial intelligence indicates larger potential for future changes in certain occupations, it does not equate to job loss, as it could result in augmentation of worker productivity, automation of some tasks, or both.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099629202052521198/IDU137d75e6614ee0145c919c7f1dc4831e7fa02
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-11057
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/42765
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC: World Bank
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; 11057
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectJOBS AND DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL GROWTH
dc.subjectDIGITAL ECONOMY STRATEGY
dc.titleThe Exposure of Workers to Artificial Intelligence in Low- and Middle-Income Countriesen
dc.typeWorking Paper
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.associatedcontenthttps://reproducibility.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/255 Link to reproducibility package
okr.date.disclosure2025-02-05
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-14T11:56:55.428264Z
okr.date.lastmodified2025-02-05T00:00:00Zen
okr.doctypePolicy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099629202052521198/IDU137d75e6614ee0145c919c7f1dc4831e7fa02
okr.guid099629202052521198
okr.identifier.docmidIDU-37d75e66-4ee0-45c9-9c7f-dc4831e7fa02
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-11057
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum34453311
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum34453311
okr.identifier.reportWPS11057
okr.import.id6505
okr.importedtrueen
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099629202052521198/pdf/IDU137d75e6614ee0145c919c7f1dc4831e7fa02.pdfen
okr.region.geographicalWorld
okr.sectorFY17 - ICT Services
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Markets
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Employment and Unemployment
okr.topicInformation and Communication Technologies::Digital Divide
okr.unitPeople - Human Capital Project (HHCDR)
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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