Publication:
Dataset: Market Access

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Files in English
English PDF (188.14 KB)
190 downloads
Published
2008
ISSN
Date
2012-06-26
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Link to Data Set
Citation
World Bank. 2008. Dataset: Market Access. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9080 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Digital Object Identifier
Associated content
Report Series
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue

Related items

Showing items related by metadata.

  • Publication
    Dataset: Value of production
    (Washington, DC, 2008) World Bank
  • Publication
    Dataset: Area Devoted to Major Farming Systems, By Country
    (World Bank, 2008) World Bank
    supplementary data to WDR2008_0036
  • Publication
    Dataset: Area Devoted to Major Farming Systems, By Region
    (Washington, DC, 2008) World Bank
  • Publication
    Dataset: Population
    (Washington, DC, 2008) World Bank
  • Publication
    Rural Household Access to Assets and Agrarian Institutions : A Cross Country Comparison
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008) Zezza, Alberto; Winters, Paul; Davis, Benjamin; Carletto, Gero; Covarrubias, Katia; Quinones, Esteban; Stamoulis, Kostas; Karfakisis, Takis; Tasciottiis, Luca; DiGiuseppe, Stefania; Bonomitiis, Genny
    Access to assets and agrarian institutions is of critical importance to the economic viability of rural households. Understanding the extent of this access and how it links to the ability of rural households to employ different pathways out of poverty is thus vital for designing rural development policies. This paper characterizes household access to assets and agrarian institutions through the comparative analysis of datasets from 15 nationally representative household surveys from four regions of the developing world. It finds that the access of rural households to a range of assets (including education, land and livestock) and institutions is in general low, though highly heterogeneous across countries, and by categories of households within countries. A large share of rural agricultural households do not use or have access to basic productive inputs, agricultural support services or output markets, and in general it is the landless and the smallest landowners who suffer significantly more from this lack of access.

Users also downloaded

Showing related downloaded files

  • Publication
    Digital Africa
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13) Begazo, Tania; Dutz, Mark Andrew; Blimpo, Moussa
    All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.
  • Publication
    Working with Tajikistan to Develop its First National Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activities
    (International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC, 2017-02) Aliev, Alijon; Konar-Leacy, Violane
    One of the most important instruments of trade facilitation is the commodity nomenclature, which provides a definition of all goods subject to foreign trade. The correct classification of goods forms the basis for determining the appropriate value of a good and for determining the customs duties imposed on a good on import or export. Customs statistics on foreign trade are derived from it, and those statistics in turn serve as a tool for the determination and implementation of customs policy. Commodity nomenclature is used not only at the national level, but also by the World Trade Organization, the World Customs Organization, the United Nations, and other international entities. Importers and exporters or investors in other countries visit customs nomenclature websites thousands of times a day to see the types and levels of customs duties and other charges and trade policy measures that particular countries apply. Trade policy regulations, rules of origin, and trade statistics in almost all of the developed and developing countries are designed and compiled on the basis of customs nomenclatures. This SmartLesson discusses how the Central Asia Trade Logistics Project worked with the Customs Administration of the Republic of Tajikistan on the development of its first national commodity nomenclature.
  • Publication
    South Asia Development Update, October 2024: Women, Jobs, and Growth
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-10) World Bank
    South Asia’s growth is on track to exceed earlier expectations, in a broad-based upturn. The region is expected to remain the fastest-growing among emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). Several risks could upend this generally promising outlook, including extreme weather events, social unrest, and policy missteps, such as reform delays. But South Asian countries also have considerable untapped potential that could help them further boost productivity growth and employment and adapt to climate change. In particular, with about two-thirds of the region’s working-age women out of the labor force, raising female employment rates to those of men could increase per capita income by as much as one-half. Measures to accelerate job creation, remove obstacles to women working, and equalize gender rights would be more effective if combined with a shift toward social norms that looked more favorably on working women. Also, most South Asian countries rank among the EMDEs least open to global trade and investment. Greater openness could boost women’s employment, spur the growth of firms, and allow the region to take better advantage of the reshaping of global supply chains and trade. Reducing the cost of conducting business could help the region better harness large-scale remittance inflows.
  • Publication
    Reforming Tax Expenditure Programs in Poland
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2000-10) Cavalcanti, Carlos B.; Li, Zhicheng
    Poland has recently begun reforming its tax program. In December 1999 it announced a gradual reduction in the corporate income tax rate, from 34 percent in 1999 to 22 percent in 2004. Value added and excise taxes are being harmonized with European Union directives, which means higher value added tax rates on unprocessed foodstuffs, municipal services, and construction material, and higher excise rates on tobacco and alcohol. The reform of personal income tax law has been delayed, because of concern about the fairness of a rate reduction for higher-income taxpayers and hesitation about the government's proposal to remove or scale down existing tax expenditure programs. Poland's personal income tax expenditure programs, introduced in 1992, have received growing attention as the cost of the programs has increased. Originally they were intended to compensate lower-income taxpayers for the withdrawal of price subsidies. But most of them are extremely regressive, benefiting higher-income taxpayers. Tax expenditures are reductions in tax liabilities that result from preferential provisions, such as deductions, exemptions, credits, deferrals, preferential tax rates, and exclusions from taxation. They are effective government spending channeled through the tax system, usually as substitutes for direct government spending to achieve fiscal and political objectives. The authors contend that strengthening the administration of Poland's tax expenditure programs is the first step toward making them effective and equitable, limiting their costs, and preventing the tax base from shrinking. They discuss options for increasing the scrutiny of the tax expenditure programs, defining their opportunity costs and effect on the tax system. Currently these programs enjoy a funding advantage over direct spending programs because they are not subject to systematic review. To limit the expansion of these programs and reduce their less desirable effects on the system, the authors suggest defining a benchmark tax structure, establishing sunset dates for the programs, forecasting their costs, and reviewing their economic effectiveness, efficiency, and equity by comparing them with direct expenditures and subsidies
  • Publication
    Short-Run Welfare Impacts of Factory Jobs
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-07) Abebe, Girum; Buehren, Niklas; Goldstein, Markus
    Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa face a rapidly growing population and labor force in demand of good jobs. Ethiopia has reacted to this challenge by prioritizing large-scale industrial development through the construction of industrial parks to drive exports, job creation, and growth. However, the African experience with industrial parks so far has been mixed. To provide further evidence on the welfare effects of factory jobs in Ethiopia, this study conducted an experiment that facilitated the job application and onboarding process for young female job seekers at three factories. Using panel data from 827 applicants, the study finds that the extra support increased the likelihood of being employed in the treatment group in the short run, largely driven by wage and factory work. Further, the intervention raised reported monthly income by nearly 30 percent in the treatment group. However, the study also finds an adverse impact on health outcomes as well as downward adjustments of applicants' expectations and perceptions of the earnings potential and desirability of factory work in response to the treatment.