Publication: WDR Gender Background Paper
Loading...
Files in English
1,096 downloads
Published
2011
ISSN
Date
2012-06-26
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Synthesizes existing discourse and practices on the relevance of and integration of gender perspectives in conflict, development, and fragility policies and programming. Current literature shows a lack of rigorous analysis and documentation of innovative ongoing practices that tackle issues of inclusion and protection for women in conflict situations. Levels of gender inequality and domestic violence indicate the likelihood of a state's propensity for civil unrest and violence, as well as for fragility. Advocacy, awareness raising, and strategies for combating sexual violence need to (1) look at socio-cultural factors, (2) insert condemnation of such action in peace agreements, and (3) deal with the trauma from such violence and discriminatory treatment. Women need to be included in key processes during transition periods and in representation and governance, and women's rights needs to be integrated into decision making and capacity building. International institutions need to shape their responses and current practices to address women's protection and participation needs and include gender analysis more broadly in tackling fragile states and societies.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Anderlini, Sanam Naraghi. 2011. WDR Gender Background Paper. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9250 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Improving Security in Violent Conflict Settings : Security and Justice Thematic Paper(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011)Acknowledges that security--both physical security and national security--needs to be addressed in contexts ranging from pre-conflict, conflict, to post-conflict, and in both national and local units. Solutions to stemming violence do not follow linear or sequential implementation. Capacity building requires security sector reform, peacebuilding, parliamentary oversight, civil society involvement, financial management, and transitional justice measures. The return of counterinsurgencies in rogue states or rebellions of secessionist movements has focused aid donors on the legitimacy of such groups. In countries like Colombia where disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs were left incomplete, gang violence has escalated, and in countries like El Salvador violence has mutated across generations into transnational gangs. DDR, a popular set of activities to fund, has the potential to achieve security objectives and social welfare, but requires confidence in the government, community acceptance, a sufficiently strong economy, integration of ex-combatants into new armed forces or national service corps, and community involvement.Publication Public Security, Criminal Justice, and Reforming the Security Sector : Security and Justice Thematic Paper(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011)Discusses prioritization of governance, the rule of law, and security sector reform (SSR). A policy framework identifies the specific characteristics of post-conflict operations, with emphasis on the need to rebuild trust between the state and its people. Demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR) programs provide an effective transition strategy, but when their main thrust is to create civilian jobs, results have usually been disappointing.The security sector reform (SSR) supplies support needed for the success of DDR programs, because the legitimacy of a reformed security sector means that the security forces reflect the whole country and contributes to building confidence.The implications for the rule of law and criminal justice point to the need for transparent processes, including quasi-judiciary mechanisms, such as truth and reconciliation commissions.Examples are drawn from Haiti and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where SSR efforts have been extensive and are ongoing, as well as from Afghanistan, Bosnia, East Timor, Rwanda, Sudan, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.Publication Transitional Justice, Security, and Development : Security and Justice Thematic Paper(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011)Studies "transitional justice" which means measures that redress the legacies of massive serious crimes under international law. The core elements that minimally belong in a transitional justice policy include: prosecutions, truth-telling measures, reparations for victims, memorialization efforts, local justice initiatives, and some initiatives tending toward institutional reform, particularly the vetting of security sector personnel. Contrary to misconceptions, particularly on the part of non-experts, transitional justice is neither past-oriented, nor of concern to victims alone; rather, to the extent that it achieves any of its goals, it does so in virtue of its potential to affirm general but basic norms-therein its potential contributions to both security and development. The perception that transitional justice measures hamper development and reconstruction, or that transitional justice is not urgent in the aftermath of the cessation of conflict, is false. The WDR fails to emphasize four areas that deserve recognition of their roles: (1) democracy and the rule of law; (2) confidence-building and legitimacy; (3) trust; and (4) the limits of institutional reform.Publication Criminal Justice : Security and Justice Thematic Paper(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011)Finds fragile states lack the capacity to effectively prevent crime, enforce laws, or peacefully resolve disputes across the whole of their territories. State institutions--particularly police and courts--may be difficult for communities to access due to their minimal presence or weak capabilities, due to unfamiliar or poorly understood legal codes and procedures (possibly complicated by linguistic or cultural differences), or due to ethnic, religious, or gender bias. State criminal justice institutions frequently become a primary instrument for the government and elites to maintain power and control through the perpetration of injustice, as has happened in Afghanistan, Haiti, Papua New Guinea, Zimbabwe, and Myanmar. Politicization of the police, judiciary, and correctional facilities has led to arbitrariness, discrimination, and corruption. Interventions to strengthen performance of local law enforcement and justice institutions should include mediation and conflict resolution as well as property and family dispute resolution. To counter organized and cross-border crime and violence, multisectoral interventions with longer-time commitments are required addressing at-risk youth and promoting local accountability.Publication Turkey : Poverty and Coping after Crises, Volume 2. Background Papers(Washington, DC, 2003-07-28)Turkey experienced severe losses of life and infrastructure in 1999 caused by the August earthquake. The earthquake was followed by a period of economic and financial crisis, culminating in a major currency devaluation in February 2001. What has been the social impact of these crises? In order to answer that question, the World Bank and the Government of Japan co-financed a household survey during the summer of 2001, which consisted of surveying 4200 households on their consumption and income, and interviewing 120 respondents in depth for case studies. This study seeks to answer three main questions: how many are poor in Turkey in 2001; who are the poor and why are they poor?; and how do the poor cope with risk and poverty?. The major effect of the crises has been an increase in poverty in urban areas of Turkey from 1994 to 2001. Extreme poverty in all of Turkey has not changed, and remains at low levels, but inequality is also unchanged at quite high levels. A relatively large share (nearly one-fifth) of the urban population has consumption below a food standard, and qualitative evidence indicates that poverty has worsened in rural areas as well. The report concludes with the following policy recommendations:1) Macroeconomic management to resume broad-based growth, which should reverse the poverty trend since the vast majority of the newly poor are not extremely poor 2) Counter negative coping strategies of the poor by providing conditional cash transfers 3) Expand job opportunities for the newly poor through micro-projects and community development 4) Improve targeting and coverage of the extreme poor and outreach to them through institutional strengthening 5) Institute regular poverty monitoring through household surveys and the development of a poverty map.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Digital Africa(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13)All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.Publication Public Infrastructure Trends and Gaps in Pakistan(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-08)This paper analyzes the public infrastructure trends and gaps in Pakistan, especially by placing the Pakistani experience in an international context. It examines the major sectors of public infrastructure, including (a) transportation, (b) telecommunication, (c) electricity generation and (d) water, sanitation and irrigation. Public infrastructure in Pakistan has made some progress over the last five decades. However, compared to other similar countries, the rate of improvement in Pakistan has been among the slowest for the majority of public infrastructure sectors. This has matched the relatively weak economic growth performance of the country in recent decades, which has remained at or below the median country in the world. Moreover the infrastructure improvement has been insufficient to ameliorate substantially the infrastructure conditions of Pakistani citizens.Publication Better Jobs and Brighter Futures(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-12)In this paper, the authors present the evidence on why childcare matters for building human capital, look at the current status of childcare provision worldwide, including an estimate of the global gaps in access, and present specific actions countries can take to expand access to quality, affordable childcare for all families that need it, especially the most vulnerable. This paper was originally drafted prior to the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has been updated to include new content, taking into account the unique challenges that the COVID-19 pandemic poses for families, children, governments, and the childcare industry, as well as the importance of investing in childcare to drive countries’ economic recovery. In section one the authors make the case for why childcare matters for building human capital and how it relates to a web of diverse issues that include women’s employment, family welfare, child development, business productivity, and the overall economy. In section two, the authors present the scope of the challenge worldwide, with projections of the unmet need for quality childcare and, ultimately, the size of the market opportunity. In section three the authors suggest five policy goals that all governments should work toward to ensure affordable, quality childcare for those families that need it. In section four, the authors lay out an agenda to better leverage existing resources and cross-sectoral opportunities, support country-level processes, and expand the research agenda. Detailed annexes are included at the end of the paper, which include additional research, guidance for countries, and specific policy and country examples that may be helpful in policy dialogue. These annexes can be used as standalone resources to go into more depth on specific topics.Publication EdTech in Developing Countries(Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank, 2021-08-02)The emergence of educational technology (“EdTech”) in developing countries has been received as a promising avenue to address some of the most challenging policy questions within educational systems. In this paper, I review and synthesize all existing studies with credible causal identification frameworks of EdTech interventions in developing countries. While other studies review the evidence for EdTech interventions in developed countries, there is currently no equivalent study for developing contexts, in spite of the rising number of studies being produced. I classify studies into four thematic categories based on the type of EdTech intervention analyzed: Access to technology; technology-enabled behavioral interventions; improvements to instruction; and self-led learning. I find that EdTech interventions centered around self-led learning and improvements to instruction are the most effective forms of EdTech at raising learning outcomes. Similarly, technology-enabled behavioral interventions are less promising for generating large effects but highly cost-effective given their typically low marginal costs. Although expanding access to technology alone is not sufficient to improve learning, it is a necessary first step for some other types of interventions. More broadly, the overall success of interventions rests on the thoughtful customization of the EdTech solution to the policy constraints at hand. Finally, EdTech interventions across all thematic areas can and should act as complements by leveraging their respective comparative advantages to address deficiencies within educational systems in developing countries.Publication Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2005-10)Liquid biofuels made from biomass are attracting increasing interest worldwide. Industrial countries see biofuels as a way of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector and diversifying energy sources. Developing countries see biofuels as a way to stimulate rural development, create jobs, and save foreign exchange. Both groups view biofuels as a means of increasing energy security. These concerns, taken together and highlighted by recent surges in the world oil price, have prompted a wide range of countries to consider biofuels programs. Canada, Colombia, the European Union (EU), India, Thailand, and the United States have adopted new targets, some mandatory, for increasing the contribution of biofuels to their transport fuel supplies. In Brazil, after a period of a decline in ethanol consumption, flex-fuel vehicles-capable of running on varying percentages of ethanol-are revitalizing the ethanol market.