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A Critical Review of the Literature on Structural Adjustment and the Environment

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dc.contributor.authorGueorguieva, Anna
dc.contributor.authorBolt, Katherine
dc.date.accessioned2014-05-22T20:57:25Z
dc.date.available2014-05-22T20:57:25Z
dc.date.issued2003-04
dc.description.abstractThis paper analyzes the available literature about the effects of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) on the environment and the convincing evidence for their success or failure. The studies covered refer to the SAPs by the World Bank as well as to general government programs that have similar policy implications. SAPs are designed to reform economies to become more liberalized and export-oriented while reducing the role of governments that have become inefficient bureaucracies. Because of the implications of policies such as debt accumulation and trade, a concise literature review on debt and trade liberalization is also included. Despite the controversy surrounding structural adjustment and the environment, the debate has been largely based on anecdotal evidence and country case studies. Most of the studies reviewed are not quantitative and have not applied rigorous statistical methods. The conclusions of studies on the effects of structural adjustment (SA) on the environment are strongly influenced by what is examined, the sectoral level, and the stage of the SA process. The infrequency of high-caliber studies is due to data scarcity and statistical limitations. There is little reason to doubt, however, that over the longer term, the sorts of changes in incentive structures and relative price changes brought about by SA lending will have an impact on the environment. Economies undergoing SA will experience both growth (assuming the success of SAPs) and structural shifts, which will affect the extraction of natural resources and the level of pollution emissions.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/04/2455492/critical-review-literature-structural-adjustment-environment
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/18396
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/18396
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesEnvironment Department working papers;no. 90. Environmental Economics series
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectECONOMIC REFORM
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectLAND TENURE
dc.subjectFORESTRY
dc.subjectWATER SECTOR
dc.subjectENERGY
dc.subjectURBAN ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectPUBLIC SECTOR
dc.subjectGOVERNANCE ACCOUNTING
dc.subjectADVERSE EFFECTS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectANECDOTAL EVIDENCE
dc.subjectASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
dc.subjectBIODIVERSITY
dc.subjectCHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
dc.subjectCIVIL SERVICE
dc.subjectCOAL
dc.subjectCOASTAL ZONES
dc.subjectCOMMODITIES
dc.subjectCONSERVATION
dc.subjectCOST OF CAPITAL
dc.subjectCREDIT RATIONING
dc.subjectCROP MIX
dc.subjectCROP YIELDS
dc.subjectCROPS
dc.subjectDEBT
dc.subjectDEFORESTATION
dc.subjectDEREGULATION
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT BANKS
dc.subjectECONOMIC ACTIVITY
dc.subjectECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC INCENTIVES
dc.subjectECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
dc.subjectECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectECONOMIC REFORM
dc.subjectECONOMIC SECTORS
dc.subjectECONOMIC WELFARE
dc.subjectEMISSIONS
dc.subjectENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectENTITLEMENTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectEXPLOITATION
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectFARMING
dc.subjectFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SECTOR
dc.subjectFOREST MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectFORESTRY
dc.subjectFORESTS
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL WOOD
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GASES
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectIRRIGATION
dc.subjectLAND PRICES
dc.subjectLAND TENURE
dc.subjectLIVESTOCK
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectLRMC
dc.subjectMAIZE
dc.subjectMANURE
dc.subjectMARGINAL LANDS
dc.subjectMIGRATION
dc.subjectNATIONAL INCOME
dc.subjectNATURAL ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectOIL
dc.subjectOIL CRISIS
dc.subjectOVERGRAZING
dc.subjectPESTICIDE USE
dc.subjectPESTICIDES
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectPOPULATION PRESSURES
dc.subjectPRICE CHANGES
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectPRIVATIZATION
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPROFITABILITY
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectPUBLIC FINANCE
dc.subjectQUOTAS
dc.subjectREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
dc.subjectRESERVOIRS
dc.subjectRESOURCE USE
dc.subjectSAPS
dc.subjectSOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectSOIL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectSOIL EROSION
dc.subjectSOIL FERTILITY
dc.subjectSOILS
dc.subjectSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
dc.subjectSUBSIDIARY
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE USE
dc.subjectTAXATION
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTREES
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectURBAN CENTERS
dc.subjectURBAN ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectURBANIZATION
dc.subjectWASTE
dc.subjectWASTE MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectWATER RESOURCES
dc.subjectWATER USE
dc.subjectWATERSHED
dc.subjectWATERSHED MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectWETLANDS
dc.titleA Critical Review of the Literature on Structural Adjustment and the Environmenten
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-28T07:13:50.201355Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/04/2455492/critical-review-literature-structural-adjustment-environment
okr.globalpracticeAgriculture
okr.globalpracticeEnergy and Extractives
okr.guid490191468763832797
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000090341_20030723141839
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum2455492
okr.identifier.report26375
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2003/07/23/000090341_20030723141839/Rendered/PDF/263750PAPER0EN110900Critical0review.pdfen
okr.topicEnergy::Energy and Environment
okr.topicAgriculture::Agricultural Research
okr.topicBanks and Banking Reform
okr.topicEnvironmental Economics and Policies
okr.topicHealth Economics and Finance
okr.unitEnvironment Department (ENV)
okr.volume1 of 1
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