Publication:
Domestic Terms of Trade in Pakistan : Implications for Agricultural Pricing and Taxation Policies

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dc.contributor.authorWorld Bank
dc.date.accessioned2013-02-21T20:59:23Z
dc.date.available2013-02-21T20:59:23Z
dc.date.issued2010-11
dc.description.abstractIn 2008 the Government of Pakistan agreed with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to increase the tax/Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio by 3.5 percentage points over the medium term. This commitment has rekindled the debate regarding the agricultural income tax. Advocates of an agricultural income tax argue that the sector remains protected by political interests, while opponents to such a tax maintain that agriculture is already subject to significant indirect taxation, mainly because of prevailing price distortions in agricultural product markets. This paper reviews the literature on domestic terms of trade analysis in Pakistan and calculates an updated set of terms of trade indices for agriculture relative to industry. The paper also discusses key issues with regard to the imposition of agricultural income tax in Pakistan, and uses simulation results from a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for the Pakistan economy to analyze the potential effects of the imposition of an agricultural income tax on poverty and fiscal revenues. The results suggest that the domestic terms of trade have remained unfavorable for Pakistan's agriculture during almost the entire 2000-2009 period. Agriculture's terms of trade declined from 2001-02 to 2003-04 before improving only slightly during the period from 2004-05 to 2006-07. As of 2007 however, prices of agricultural commodities started rising resulting in significant increases in agriculture's terms of trade. But in spite of the substantial increases in agricultural prices, the terms of trade for agriculture, though on a rising trend, remained marginally unfavorable to the sector.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/11/16269211/domestic-terms-trade-pakistan-implications-agricultural-pricing-taxation-policies
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/12448
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/12448
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectADMINISTRATIVE COSTS
dc.subjectADVERSE EFFECT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL COMMODITY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL INCOMES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL LAND
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL OUTPUT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL POLICY
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRICES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SECTOR
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SECTORS
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectAVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectBASE YEAR
dc.subjectCOMMODITY
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectCONSUMER EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION BASKET
dc.subjectDECOMPOSABLE POVERTY
dc.subjectDEFLATORS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
dc.subjectDISPOSABLE INCOME
dc.subjectDIVIDEND
dc.subjectDIVIDEND INCOME
dc.subjectDIVIDENDS
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDROUGHT
dc.subjectECONOMIC STRUCTURE
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION
dc.subjectEQUIPMENT
dc.subjectEXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectEXPORT MARKET
dc.subjectEXPORT PRICE INDEX
dc.subjectEXPORT SHARE
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectFACTORS OF PRODUCTION
dc.subjectFARM LABOR
dc.subjectFARMER
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectFISCAL DEFICIT
dc.subjectFOOD ITEMS
dc.subjectFOOD POLICY
dc.subjectFOOD PRICE
dc.subjectFOOD PRICES
dc.subjectFOREIGN TRADE
dc.subjectFRAUD
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT REVENUE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT REVENUES
dc.subjectGROWTH RATES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOMES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SAVINGS
dc.subjectHOUSING
dc.subjectINCIDENCE OF POVERTY
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME SHARES
dc.subjectINCOME TAX
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.subjectLAND HOLDINGS
dc.subjectLANDHOLDINGS
dc.subjectLANDLESS AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
dc.subjectLANDOWNERS
dc.subjectLIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectMILK
dc.subjectMONETARY FUND
dc.subjectNATIONAL INCOME
dc.subjectOUTPUTS
dc.subjectPER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectPER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectPOOR FARMERS
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLD
dc.subjectPOOR HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectPOVERTY GAP
dc.subjectPOVERTY GAP INDEX
dc.subjectPOVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE
dc.subjectPOVERTY INCIDENCE
dc.subjectPOVERTY INCREASE
dc.subjectPOVERTY LINE
dc.subjectPOVERTY MEASURES
dc.subjectPOVERTY REDUCING
dc.subjectPOVERTY SEVERITY
dc.subjectPRICE CHANGES
dc.subjectPRICE CONTROLS
dc.subjectPRICE DISTORTIONS
dc.subjectPRICE INCREASES
dc.subjectPRODUCT MARKETS
dc.subjectPRODUCTION FUNCTION
dc.subjectPRODUCTION OF WHEAT
dc.subjectPRODUCTION STRUCTURE
dc.subjectPUBLIC INVESTMENTS
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER
dc.subjectRATES OF RETURN
dc.subjectREAL INCOME
dc.subjectREMITTANCES
dc.subjectRETURN
dc.subjectRETURNS
dc.subjectRURAL
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectRURAL POPULATION
dc.subjectRURAL POPULATIONS
dc.subjectRURAL POVERTY
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subjectSMALL FARMS
dc.subjectSTATE BANK
dc.subjectSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
dc.subjectTARIFF REVENUE
dc.subjectTAX COLLECTION
dc.subjectTAX POLICY
dc.subjectTAX RATE
dc.subjectTAX RATES
dc.subjectTAX REGIMES
dc.subjectTAX REVENUES
dc.subjectTAX STRUCTURE
dc.subjectTAXATION
dc.subjectTAXATION POLICIES
dc.subjectTOTAL OUTPUT
dc.subjectTRADE POLICIES
dc.subjectTRADE SECTOR
dc.subjectURBAN REGIONS
dc.subjectVALUE ADDED
dc.subjectVEGETABLES
dc.subjectWAR
dc.subjectWEALTH
dc.subjectWHOLESALE PRICE INDEX
dc.subjectWHOLESALE PRICE INDICES
dc.subjectWHOLESALE PRICES
dc.titleDomestic Terms of Trade in Pakistan : Implications for Agricultural Pricing and Taxation Policiesen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.date.disclosure2012-05-15
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-07T12:20:04.018842Z
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work::Other Agricultural Study
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/11/16269211/domestic-terms-trade-pakistan-implications-agricultural-pricing-taxation-policies
okr.globalpracticeMacroeconomics and Fiscal Management
okr.globalpracticePoverty
okr.globalpracticeFinance and Markets
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.guid285641468058770186
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000333038_20120515011544
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum16269211
okr.identifier.report68404
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/05/15/000333038_20120515011544/Rendered/PDF/684040ESW0whit0me0tax0Nov027002010.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeSouth Asia
okr.region.countryPakistan
okr.sectorAgriculture, fishing, and forestry :: General agriculture, fishing and forestry sector
okr.sectorIndustry and trade :: Agro-industry
okr.sectorIndustry and trade :: Agricultural marketing and trade
okr.topicFinance and Financial Sector Development::Debt Markets
okr.topicEconomic Theory and Research
okr.topicPoverty Reduction::Rural Poverty Reduction
okr.topicPrivate Sector Development::Emerging Markets
okr.topicMacroeconomics and Economic Growth::Regional Economic Development
okr.unitAgriculture & Rural Development (SASDA)
okr.volume1 of 1
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