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The Loch Ness Model : Can ICTs Bridge the Accountability Gap?

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dc.contributor.authorGigler, Bjorn-Soren
dc.contributor.authorBailur, Savita
dc.contributor.authorAnand, Nicole
dc.date.accessioned2014-09-12T21:26:17Z
dc.date.available2014-09-12T21:26:17Z
dc.date.issued2014
dc.description.abstractCan information and communication technologies (ICTs) empower through participation, transparency, and accountability and if so, under which conditions? Theory and practice demonstrate that technologies can empower citizens to hold governments and international donors accountable, but true accountability will only result from recognizing the gap between supply (governments, international donors, service providers) and demand (citizens, civil society organizations, communities) and considering how to bridge it from both sides. ICT-enabled initiatives have contributed to shrinking this accountability gap, yet in many cases, it remains open. In this paper, the authors develop a framework for analyzing how technologies can accelerate efforts to close the gap, which the authors call the loch ness model. The authors offer reasons why the gap remains open and put forth recommendations for closing it.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/01/20148327/loch-ness-model-can-icts-bridge-accountability-gap
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/20113
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/20113
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCESS TO INFORMATION
dc.subjectACCESS TO INFORMATION LAW
dc.subjectACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectACCOUNTABILITY
dc.subjectACTIVE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectADVERTISING
dc.subjectBROADBAND
dc.subjectBROADCASTS
dc.subjectBUREAUCRACIES
dc.subjectBUSINESSES
dc.subjectCAPABILITIES
dc.subjectCAPABILITY
dc.subjectCAPACITY BUILDING
dc.subjectCATALYTIC ROLE
dc.subjectCELL PHONES
dc.subjectCELLULAR SERVICE
dc.subjectCERTIFICATE
dc.subjectCITIZEN
dc.subjectCITIZEN ENGAGEMENT
dc.subjectCITIZEN FEEDBACK
dc.subjectCITIZEN INFORMATION
dc.subjectCITIZEN INVOLVEMENT
dc.subjectCITIZEN PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectCIVIC ENGAGEMENT
dc.subjectCIVIC LEADERS
dc.subjectCIVIC LIFE
dc.subjectCIVIC PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectCIVIL SOCIETY
dc.subjectCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
dc.subjectCOLLABORATION
dc.subjectCOLLECTIVE ACTION
dc.subjectCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY MEMBERS
dc.subjectCONNECTIVITY
dc.subjectCONTENT CREATION
dc.subjectCOPYRIGHT
dc.subjectCORRUPTION ISSUES
dc.subjectDATA COLLECTION
dc.subjectDECISION MAKING
dc.subjectDECISION MAKING PROCESSES
dc.subjectDECISION-MAKING
dc.subjectDEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectDIGITAL AGE
dc.subjectDIGITAL DEMOCRACY
dc.subjectDIGITAL DIVIDE
dc.subjectDIGITAL EXCLUSION
dc.subjectDIGITAL GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectE-DEMOCRACY
dc.subjectE-GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectE-GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS
dc.subjectE-MAIL
dc.subjectE-READINESS
dc.subjectEFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectELECTIONS
dc.subjectELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectENABLING ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectEND USERS
dc.subjectEXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
dc.subjectFLOW OF INFORMATION
dc.subjectFOREIGN AID
dc.subjectGENERAL PUBLIC
dc.subjectGLOBAL GOVERNANCE
dc.subjectGOOD GOVERNANCE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT AGENCIES
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT DATA
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INFORMATION
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INFORMATION QUARTERLY
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT SERVICE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT SERVICE DELIVERY
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT TO CITIZENS
dc.subjectGROUP MEETINGS
dc.subjectHARDWARE
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPACITIES
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectHUMAN RIGHTS
dc.subjectHUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
dc.subjectICT
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINFORMATION FLOWS
dc.subjectINFORMATION POVERTY
dc.subjectINFORMATION SHARING
dc.subjectINFORMATION SOCIETY
dc.subjectINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectINNOVATIONS
dc.subjectINSPECTIONS
dc.subjectINSTANT ACCESS
dc.subjectINSTITUTION
dc.subjectINSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
dc.subjectKIOSKS
dc.subjectLEARNING
dc.subjectLEGAL FRAMEWORK
dc.subjectLEGAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectLICENSES
dc.subjectLIMITED ACCESS
dc.subjectLITERACY
dc.subjectLOCAL COMMUNITY
dc.subjectMATERIAL
dc.subjectMEDIA
dc.subjectMOBILE PHONE
dc.subjectMOBILE PHONES
dc.subjectMONITORING TOOL
dc.subjectNATIONAL SECURITY
dc.subjectNETWORKS
dc.subjectNEW TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectNEXT GENERATION
dc.subjectONLINE COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectONLINE COMMUNITY
dc.subjectOPEN ACCESS
dc.subjectOPEN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectOPEN GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES
dc.subjectPARTICIPATORY APPROACHES
dc.subjectPARTICIPATORY PLANNING
dc.subjectPENETRATION RATE
dc.subjectPETTY CORRUPTION
dc.subjectPHONE CALLS
dc.subjectPHONES
dc.subjectPHYSICAL PRESENCE
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKING
dc.subjectPOLITICAL AUTHORITY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL BARRIERS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL COMMITMENT
dc.subjectPOLITICAL COMMUNICATION
dc.subjectPOLITICAL DEBATE
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOLITICAL PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectPOLITICAL REFORMS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL SYSTEM
dc.subjectPOLITICAL WILL
dc.subjectPRIVACY
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPROGRAMS
dc.subjectPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW
dc.subjectPUBLIC INFORMATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectQUERIES
dc.subjectRADIO
dc.subjectREAL-TIME DATA
dc.subjectREGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectRESULT
dc.subjectRESULTS
dc.subjectSELF-HELP
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVIDER
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVIDERS
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVISION
dc.subjectSILOS
dc.subjectSOCIAL ACTION
dc.subjectSOCIAL CHANGE
dc.subjectSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
dc.subjectTECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS
dc.subjectTECHNOLOGY TOOLS
dc.subjectTELECOMMUNICATION
dc.subjectTELECOMMUNICATIONS
dc.subjectTELEPHONE
dc.subjectTELEVISION
dc.subjectTIMELY ACCESS
dc.subjectTRADITIONAL MEDIA
dc.subjectTRANSACTION
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectTRANSPARENT GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectTRUST BETWEEN CITIZENS
dc.subjectTRUST IN GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectUNIVERSAL DEFINITION
dc.subjectUSAGE LEVELS
dc.subjectUSE OF INFORMATION
dc.subjectUSER
dc.subjectUSERS
dc.subjectUSES
dc.subjectYOUTH
dc.titleThe Loch Ness Model : Can ICTs Bridge the Accountability Gap?en
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.date.disclosure2014-08-27
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-05T12:43:08.717880Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/01/20148327/loch-ness-model-can-icts-bridge-accountability-gap
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeGovernance
okr.globalpracticeTransport and ICT
okr.globalpracticeTrade and Competitiveness
okr.guid251691468323348844
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000442464_20140827141400
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum20148327
okr.identifier.report90175
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/08/27/000442464_20140827141400/Rendered/PDF/901750WP0Box385308B00PUBLIC00loch0ness.pdfen
okr.topicGovernance::E-Government
okr.topicGovernance::E-Government
okr.topicPrivate Sector Development::E-Business
okr.topicGovernance::Governance Indicators
okr.topicInformation and Communication Technologies::ICT Policy and Strategies
okr.unitGovernance - GP (GGODR)
okr.volume1 of 1
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