Publication:
Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority

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dc.contributor.authorScheierling, Susanne M.
dc.contributor.authorBartone, Carl
dc.contributor.authorMara, Duncan D.
dc.contributor.authorDrechsel, Pay
dc.date.accessioned2012-03-19T18:41:47Z
dc.date.available2012-03-19T18:41:47Z
dc.date.issued2010-09-01
dc.description.abstractWastewater use in agriculture is a growing practice worldwide. Drivers include increasing water stress, in part due to climate change; increasing urbanization and growing wastewater flows; and more urban households engaged in agricultural activities. The problem with this trend is that in low-income countries, but also in many middle-income countries, it either involves the direct use of untreated wastewater or the indirect use of polluted waters from rivers that receive untreated urban discharges. This poses substantial risks, in particular microbial risks to public health. To address these risks, the World Health Organization in 2006 issued new guidelines for the safe use of wastewater.This paper aims to highlight the growing importance of improving wastewater use in agriculture across the spectrum from lower to high-income countries. It presents an innovative approach linking key issues related to different aspects of wastewater irrigation to a country s level of economic development. Based on data presented in the World Bank s World Development Report, it differentiates between four country income levels to create a typology for analyzing current issues, trends, and priorities for improving agricultural wastewater use with a focus on reducing the risks to public health. It also presents the basic principles of the new 2006 World Health Organization Guidelines, and how to apply them. Beyond regulatory aspects, the paper also discusses other aspects that are important for achieving a more integrated approach to agricultural wastewater use, including institutional/planning, technological, economic/financial, and social issues. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for moving the wastewater irrigation agenda forward.en
dc.identifierhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100907090249
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-5412
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/3897
dc.languageEnglish
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5412
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectABSORPTION
dc.subjectACTIVATED SLUDGE
dc.subjectADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY
dc.subjectADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER
dc.subjectANIMALS
dc.subjectANNUAL RAINFALL
dc.subjectAQUACULTURE
dc.subjectARSENIC
dc.subjectARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER
dc.subjectARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
dc.subjectASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY
dc.subjectAUGMENTATION
dc.subjectBACTERIA
dc.subjectBASIC SANITATION
dc.subjectBENZENE
dc.subjectBIOGAS
dc.subjectBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
dc.subjectCADMIUM
dc.subjectCAMPYLOBACTER
dc.subjectCHANNEL
dc.subjectCHANNELS
dc.subjectCHEMICAL POLLUTANTS
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCLOGGING
dc.subjectCOLIFORMS
dc.subjectCOMPOSTING
dc.subjectCOMPOSTING TOILETS
dc.subjectCONSERVATION
dc.subjectCONSTRUCTION
dc.subjectCONTAMINANTS
dc.subjectCROP IRRIGATION
dc.subjectCROP PRODUCTION
dc.subjectCROP YIELDS
dc.subjectDIRECT REUSE
dc.subjectDISCHARGE
dc.subjectDOMESTIC WASTES
dc.subjectDOMESTIC WASTEWATER
dc.subjectDRAINAGE
dc.subjectDRINKING WATER
dc.subjectDRIP IRRIGATION
dc.subjectDRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
dc.subjectDUGOUTS
dc.subjectEFFLUENT
dc.subjectEFFLUENT QUALITY
dc.subjectEFFLUENTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
dc.subjectEXCRETA
dc.subjectEXCRETA DISPOSAL
dc.subjectEXPORT
dc.subjectFARMERS
dc.subjectFARMING
dc.subjectFECAL COLIFORM
dc.subjectFECES
dc.subjectFLOODS
dc.subjectFLUSH TOILETS
dc.subjectFOOD CHAIN
dc.subjectFOOD SECURITY
dc.subjectFORESTRY
dc.subjectFRESHWATER
dc.subjectGARBAGE
dc.subjectGARDENS
dc.subjectGAS
dc.subjectGLACIERS
dc.subjectGLOBAL WARMING
dc.subjectGREYWATER
dc.subjectGROUNDWATER POLLUTION
dc.subjectHAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
dc.subjectHEAVY METALS
dc.subjectHIGH LEVELS
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL WATER
dc.subjectIRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
dc.subjectIRRIGATION CANALS
dc.subjectIRRIGATION WATER
dc.subjectLAND APPLICATION
dc.subjectLIMESTONE
dc.subjectMERCURY
dc.subjectMUNICIPAL SEWAGE
dc.subjectMUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
dc.subjectNICKEL
dc.subjectNIGHT SOIL
dc.subjectNITRATES
dc.subjectNUTRIENTS
dc.subjectODORS
dc.subjectORGANIC COMPOUNDS
dc.subjectORGANIC POLLUTANTS
dc.subjectORGANIC WASTES
dc.subjectPATHOGENS
dc.subjectPESTICIDES
dc.subjectPIPED WATER
dc.subjectPIT LATRINES
dc.subjectPOLLUTED WATERS
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectPOLLUTION CONTROL
dc.subjectPOND
dc.subjectPOND SYSTEMS
dc.subjectPONDS
dc.subjectPRECIPITATION
dc.subjectPRESSURE
dc.subjectPROGRAMS
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPUBLIC TOILETS
dc.subjectPUMPS
dc.subjectQUALITY STANDARDS
dc.subjectRAIN
dc.subjectRAINWATER
dc.subjectRAINWATER COLLECTION
dc.subjectRECLAIMED WATER
dc.subjectRESIDUES
dc.subjectRIVER POLLUTION
dc.subjectRIVERS
dc.subjectRUNOFF
dc.subjectSALINITY
dc.subjectSAND
dc.subjectSANITARY ENGINEERING
dc.subjectSANITATION
dc.subjectSANITATION COVERAGE
dc.subjectSANITATION FACILITIES
dc.subjectSANITATION SERVICES
dc.subjectSELENIUM
dc.subjectSEPTIC TANKS
dc.subjectSEWAGE FARMS
dc.subjectSEWAGE SLUDGE
dc.subjectSEWER PIPES
dc.subjectSEWER SYSTEMS
dc.subjectSEWERAGE
dc.subjectSEWERAGE SERVICES
dc.subjectSEWERAGE SYSTEMS
dc.subjectSEWERS
dc.subjectSLOW SAND FILTRATION
dc.subjectSLUDGE TREATMENT
dc.subjectSLUMS
dc.subjectSOIL FERTILITY
dc.subjectSOILS
dc.subjectSOURCES OF WATER
dc.subjectSPRING
dc.subjectSPRINGS
dc.subjectSQUATTERS
dc.subjectSTABILIZATION
dc.subjectSTORAGE CAPACITY
dc.subjectSTORM DRAINS
dc.subjectSTORM WATER
dc.subjectSTORMWATER
dc.subjectSURFACE WATER
dc.subjectSURFACE WATER BODIES
dc.subjectSURFACE WATERS
dc.subjectTOXIC SUBSTANCES
dc.subjectTRADITIONAL IRRIGATION
dc.subjectTREATED EFFLUENTS
dc.subjectTREATED WASTEWATER
dc.subjectTREES
dc.subjectTRICKLING FILTERS
dc.subjectUNTREATED SEWAGE
dc.subjectURBAN HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectURBAN SANITATION
dc.subjectURBAN SEWERAGE
dc.subjectURBAN WASTE
dc.subjectURBAN WATER
dc.subjectURBAN WATER SUPPLY
dc.subjectVIRUSES
dc.subjectWASTE
dc.subjectWASTE WATER
dc.subjectWASTE WATER TREATMENT
dc.subjectWASTEWATER
dc.subjectWASTEWATER COLLECTION
dc.subjectWASTEWATER IRRIGATION
dc.subjectWASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectWASTEWATER PRETREATMENT
dc.subjectWASTEWATER RECLAMATION
dc.subjectWASTEWATER REUSE
dc.subjectWASTEWATER TREATMENT
dc.subjectWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
dc.subjectWASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
dc.subjectWASTEWATER USE
dc.subjectWASTEWATERS
dc.subjectWATER BODY
dc.subjectWATER CONNECTIONS
dc.subjectWATER FLOWS
dc.subjectWATER POLLUTION
dc.subjectWATER QUALITY
dc.subjectWATER RESOURCE
dc.subjectWATER RESOURCES
dc.subjectWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectWATER RESOURCES PLANNING
dc.subjectWATER SECTOR
dc.subjectWATER SHORT AREAS
dc.subjectWATER SHORTAGES
dc.subjectWATER SOURCES
dc.subjectWATER SUPPLY
dc.titleImproving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priorityen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleImproving wastewater use in agriculture : an emerging priority
okr.date.disclosure2010-09-01
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T11:42:33.961078Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.docurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100907090249
okr.globalpracticeWater
okr.guid710411468176653818
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-5412
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20100907090249
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum12736304
okr.identifier.reportWPS5412
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/09/07/000158349_20100907090249/Rendered/PDF/WPS5412.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeThe World Region
okr.region.administrativeThe World Region
okr.topicWater Supply and Sanitation::Sanitation and Sewerage
okr.topicWater Resources::Water and Industry
okr.topicWater Resources::Water Conservation
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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