Publication: 12 Country Comparisons on Research, Technology, and More
Loading...
Files in English
137 downloads
Published
2011-09
ISSN
Date
2012-05-16
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
12 Country Comparisons on Research, Technology and More
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2011. 12 Country Comparisons on Research, Technology, and More. Development Outreach. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6112 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Development Outreach
1020-797X
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
No results found.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Beyond Borders(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-01-22)This report provides a foundational guide to regional energy integration, with a particular focus on developing and emerging economies. Many regions are about to integrate power grids and markets across national boundaries, which can offer economic benefits, enhanced power supply quality and security, and opportunities for scaling up climate change mitigation measures. The report begins with an overview of the different levels of power system integration, followed by an analysis of the primary drivers behind regional energy integration. It identifies five key building blocks essential for achieving deeper integration: interconnection infrastructure, planning and investment coordination, technical and operational coordination, commercial arrangements and market design, and institutional architecture. The report also highlights the key challenges hindering the development of these building blocks, particularly issues related to political cooperation and financing. It concludes by advocating for a collaborative, step-by-step approach, along with institutional capacity building and innovative financing mechanisms, to advance regional energy integration efforts.Publication India Systematic Country Diagnostic(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-06-06)With one of the world’sfastest-growing economies, India is a brightspot in a lackluster global environment. In the past three decades, per capita incomes have quadrupled, poverty has retreated, illiteracy rates have tumbled, and health conditions have improved. An expanding economy has provided the much-needed resources to address chronic infrastructure deficits and improve the lives ofmillions. India is now poised to transition to a higher and more widely shared level of prosperity: by 2047—the centenary of independence—most citizens could join the ranks of the global middle class. Households in the global middle class can fulfill a range of aspirations, such as safe and affordable housing, health care, education, clean water, sanitation facilities, reliable electricity, a safe environment, and discretionary income to spend on leisure pursuits. Achieving these goals requires incomes well above the extreme poverty line, as well as vastly improved levels of public service delivery. Projections suggest that for this to occur, rapid growth (of 8 percent or more) will need to be sustained for approximately the next three decades. And while the promise of amiddle classIndia may appear to be tantalizingly close,success is not necessarily pre-ordained. Most countries that grew rapidly in one decade, decelerated in the next. In East Asia, for example, growth traps appear to have emerged from a shortage of low-wage labor, partly a consequence of demographic change. Growth slowdowns in Latin America and Africa’s mineral-dependent economies have mirrored commodity price cycles. India’s economic constraints are different. Unlike East Asia, there is an expanding share of young adults in India, so there is limited risk of sustained wage increases for lowskilled workers. And unlike Latin America, India is a net importer of minerals, timber, and many other commodities, so that India’s growth does not fade with declining commodityprices. India is distinctive in other ways too. It’s size and immense diversity suggest the need for remedies that fit its particular circumstances. Space age industries, high-tech agriculture and elite colleges thrive alongside primitive workshops, subsistence farms and schools that impart little knowledge. Prosperity and poverty also live side-by-side. India is simultaneously home to the 3rd largest number of billionaires in the world, together with the highest number of poor people in the world. As a result, policy reforms must navigate this considerable diversity, take into account the scale of the country, and respect a robust administrative culture that requires change to be indigenized and contested in order to be acceptable. The accompanying volume 2 of the SCD provides a summary of the main comments and debatesthat ensued during the review and consultation process of this document.Publication Olive Oil in the North-West of Tunisia(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-06)This report describes the findings of the survey on olive oil value chain in the North West of Tunisia, focusing particularly on the current and potential jobs landscapes. The survey also benchmarks the performance of the value chain against other leading countries in olive oil industry to determine potential productivity gaps and areas for improvements to ultimately increase the sectors' competitiveness and create more and better jobs. Together with the companion report on olive oil market segmentation, it provides insights on potential areas for policy interventions. This study is part of the "Value Chain Development for Jobs in Lagging Regions - Let's Work Program in Tunisia" which aims to identify some of the most binding constraints affecting the creation and productivity of jobs within targeted value chains in a lagging region in Tunisia and inform relevant World Bank Group lending projects currently in preparation to help tackle these constraints.Publication Offshore Data Leaks and Tax Enforcement in Developing Countries(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-05-20)The past decade has witnessed a rapid increase in data leaks from tax havens, spanning from the Luxembourg Leaks to revelations in the Panama and Pandora Papers. While these leaks often prompt political investigations into politicians with offshore accounts and calls from civil society for greater transparency in corporate ownership, they also serve as valuable resources for tax authorities investigating cross-border tax evasion and avoidance. To illustrate this point, this note analyzes three country cases—Ecuador, Honduras, and Senegal—where the authors closely collaborated with national tax administrations. It documents the distribution of offshore company formation across jurisdictions for shareholders and ultimate beneficial owners, as well as the relative prevalence of these countries in the overall dataset published by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) in its Offshore Leaks Database (OLD). Finally, policy recommendations are provided for enhancing personal income tax enforcement.Publication Digital Africa(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13)All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.