Publication:
Jobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africa

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dc.contributor.authorWorld Bank
dc.date.accessioned2014-08-14T14:52:45Z
dc.date.available2014-08-14T14:52:45Z
dc.date.issued2014-06
dc.description.abstractThis report argues that Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries face a critical choice in their quest for higher private sector growth and more jobs: promote competition, equal opportunities for all entrepreneurs and dismantle existing privileges to specific firms or risk perpetuating the current equilibrium of low job creation. The report shows that policies which lower competition in MENA also constrain private sector development and job creation. The report highlights the central role of promoting competition to stimulate private sector growth. However, there is little evidence on the political economy factors that perpetuate and or accentuate the lack of competition in the region, nor on the type of policy distortions that weaken competition and how those distortions ultimately affect job creation. This report aims to fill these gaps. It tackles the following questions: what types of firms create more jobs in MENA?; are they different from other regions?; what policies in MENA prevent the private sector from creating more jobs?; how do these policies affect competition and job creation?; and to what extent are these policies associated with privileges to politically connected firms? This report provides evidence that privileges granted to politically connected firms are associated with many of the policy distortions that the literature identifies to weaken private sector growth and job creation. This report assembles the most comprehensive firm census database ever put together for the MENA region. This allows to measure accurate characteristics of and trends in firms' demand for labor, and provides reliable representative estimates of both aggregate private sector job creation and productivity growth determinants. The report is organized in four chapters as follows: chapter one analyzes the dynamics and determinants of job creation and tests whether the fundamentals of job creation in MENA are similar to those in fast growing developing and high income countries. Chapter two shows how different policies in MENA countries shaped private sector competition and thus the firm dynamics associated with job growth identified in chapter one. Chapter three documents past industrial policies in MENA and compare the experiences in MENA with the experiences of East Asian countries, highlighting how the differences are linked to policy objective, design, and implementation. Chapter four analyzes how privileges to politically connected firms result in policy distortions that undermine competition and constrain private sector growth and jobs in MENA. The report concludes by laying out the implications for policy of the various findings and lays out the specific areas for policy reform to the roadmap for more private sector growth and jobs in MENA.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19794535/jobs-or-privileges-unleashing-employment-potential-middle-east-north-africa
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/19292
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/19292
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCESS TO INFORMATION
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectAGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectAGGREGATE GROWTH
dc.subjectAGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectAGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
dc.subjectBANKRUPTCY LAWS
dc.subjectBUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectCENSUSES
dc.subjectCITIZEN
dc.subjectCITIZENS
dc.subjectCOLLEGE GRADUATES
dc.subjectCOMPETITION LAW
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVE PRESSURES
dc.subjectCOMPETITORS
dc.subjectCREATIVE DESTRUCTION
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR SERVICES
dc.subjectDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectDIVERSIFICATION
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDRIVERS
dc.subjectECONOMIC BENEFITS
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectEDUCATED WOMEN
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectEMPLOYEE
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT CREATION
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT GROWTH
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT SHARE
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT SITUATION
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT TRENDS
dc.subjectENTREPRENEURS
dc.subjectEQUAL ACCESS
dc.subjectEQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectEQUAL OPPORTUNITY
dc.subjectEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
dc.subjectFAMILY MEMBERS
dc.subjectFERTILITY
dc.subjectFERTILITY RATES
dc.subjectFIRM DYNAMICS
dc.subjectFIRM ENTRY
dc.subjectFIRM GROWTH
dc.subjectFIRM PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectFIRM SIZE
dc.subjectFIRM SIZES
dc.subjectFIRM TURNOVER
dc.subjectFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT SUPPORT
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectHIGH WAGES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN RESOURCES
dc.subjectIMPACT OF POLICIES
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectINFORMAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectINFORMAL SECTOR
dc.subjectINSURANCE
dc.subjectINTENSIVE INDUSTRIES
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL MARKETS
dc.subjectJOB CREATION
dc.subjectJOB DESTRUCTION
dc.subjectJOB PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectJOB TRAINING
dc.subjectJOBS
dc.subjectLABOR CONTRACT
dc.subjectLABOR CONTRACTS
dc.subjectLABOR DEMAND
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectLABOR LAWS
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET POLICIES
dc.subjectLABOR MARKETS
dc.subjectLABOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectLABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
dc.subjectLABOR REALLOCATION
dc.subjectLABOR SHARE
dc.subjectLABOR SUPPLY
dc.subjectLEVEL PLAYING FIELD
dc.subjectMANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS
dc.subjectMARKET FAILURES
dc.subjectMONOPOLIES
dc.subjectMORTALITY
dc.subjectMULTINATIONAL
dc.subjectMULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCE
dc.subjectNET EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectNET JOB CREATION
dc.subjectNET PROFIT
dc.subjectNUMBER OF WORKERS
dc.subjectPARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
dc.subjectPOLICY DIALOGUE
dc.subjectPOLICY IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH RATE
dc.subjectPREVIOUS STUDIES
dc.subjectPREVIOUS WORK
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR JOB
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTOR JOBS
dc.subjectPRIVATE SECTORS
dc.subjectPRIVATIZATION
dc.subjectPROCESS INNOVATION
dc.subjectPRODUCT INNOVATION
dc.subjectPRODUCT MARKET
dc.subjectPRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVE FIRMS
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY GAINS
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY INCREASE
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICY
dc.subjectPUBLIC WORKS
dc.subjectPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER PARITY
dc.subjectREGULATORY BURDEN
dc.subjectREGULATORY TASKS
dc.subjectREMITTANCES
dc.subjectRESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
dc.subjectRETAIL TRADE
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectSECONDARY DEGREE
dc.subjectSERVICE SECTOR
dc.subjectSERVICE SECTORS
dc.subjectSIGNIFICANT POLICY
dc.subjectSMALL FIRMS
dc.subjectSME
dc.subjectSOCIAL SECURITY
dc.subjectSUBSIDIZED LAND
dc.subjectSURVIVAL RATES
dc.subjectTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectTOTAL LABOR FORCE
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectUNEDUCATED WOMEN
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYED
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT RATES
dc.subjectWAGE DATA
dc.subjectWORKER
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.subjectWORKING POPULATION
dc.subjectYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
dc.titleJobs or Privileges : Unleashing the Employment Potential of the Middle East and North Africaen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crosscuttingsolutionareaJobs
okr.date.disclosure2014-07-16
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-07T09:25:30.177902Z
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work::Other Urban Study
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19794535/jobs-or-privileges-unleashing-employment-potential-middle-east-north-africa
okr.globalpracticeSocial Protection and Labor
okr.globalpracticeFinance and Markets
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.guid791831468059652277
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000333037_20140716151958
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum19794535
okr.identifier.report88879
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/07/16/000333037_20140716151958/Rendered/PDF/888790MNA0Box382141B00PUBLIC0.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeMiddle East and North Africa
okr.region.geographicalNorth Africa
okr.region.geographicalMiddle East
okr.sectorPublic Administration, Law, and Justice :: Public administration- Industry and trade
okr.sectorPublic Administration, Law, and Justice :: General public administration sector
okr.sectorIndustry and trade
okr.sectorIndustry and trade :: Other domestic and international trade
okr.sectorIndustry and trade :: General industry and trade sector
okr.themeEconomic management :: Analysis of economic growth
okr.themePublic sector governance :: Other accountability/anti-corruption
okr.themeFinancial and private sector development :: Regulation and competition policy
okr.themeTrade and integration :: Export development and competitiveness
okr.themeTrade and integration :: Technology diffusion
okr.topicFinance and Financial Sector Development::Microfinance
okr.topicBanks and Banking Reform
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Policies
okr.topicSocial Protections and Labor::Labor Markets
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::Population Policies
okr.unitKnowledge & Information Services (ITSKI)
okr.volume1 of 1
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