Publication:
How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources?

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dc.contributor.authorRogers, F. Halsey
dc.contributor.authorDang, Hai-Anh
dc.date.accessioned2012-05-29T18:45:01Z
dc.date.available2012-05-29T18:45:01Z
dc.date.issued2008-02
dc.description.abstractPrivate tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes. This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in improving student academic performance. It also presents a framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the effectiveness of the education system under certain reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption and other problems that diminish the contributions of the tutoring sector.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9032892/interpret-growing-phenomenon-private-tutoring-human-capital-deepening-inequality-increasing-or-waste-resources
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4530
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relation.ispartofseriesPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 4530
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
dc.subjectACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectACADEMIC RANKING
dc.subjectACADEMIC SUBJECTS
dc.subjectACHIEVEMENTS
dc.subjectADOLESCENTS
dc.subjectALTERNATIVE EDUCATION
dc.subjectBASIC SKILLS
dc.subjectCHILD CARE
dc.subjectCHILD LABOR
dc.subjectCLASS SIZES
dc.subjectCLASSROOM TEACHERS
dc.subjectCOLLEGE EDUCATION
dc.subjectCOLLEGE ENTRANCE
dc.subjectCOLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS
dc.subjectCOLLEGE STUDENTS
dc.subjectCOLLEGES
dc.subjectCOMMUNITY FINANCING
dc.subjectCONSUMER
dc.subjectCONSUMERS
dc.subjectCONTRIBUTIONS
dc.subjectCORRESPONDENCE COURSE
dc.subjectCULTURAL VALUES
dc.subjectCURRICULUM
dc.subjectDELIVERY MECHANISM
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR EDUCATION
dc.subjectDISADVANTAGED CHILDREN
dc.subjectDISSERTATION
dc.subjectEARLY GRADES
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectEDUCATION AGENDA
dc.subjectEDUCATION ECONOMICS
dc.subjectEDUCATION EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectEDUCATION EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectEDUCATION EXPERTS
dc.subjectEDUCATION OUTCOMES
dc.subjectEDUCATION POLICIES
dc.subjectEDUCATION POLICY
dc.subjectEDUCATION PROGRAMS
dc.subjectEDUCATION QUALITY
dc.subjectEDUCATION REFORM
dc.subjectEDUCATION SECTOR
dc.subjectEDUCATION SYSTEM
dc.subjectEDUCATION SYSTEMS
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL EVALUATION
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL PLANNING
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL POLICY
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL REFORM
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL REFORMS
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES
dc.subjectEFFECTIVE EDUCATION
dc.subjectELEMENTARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectENROLLMENT
dc.subjectENROLLMENT RATES
dc.subjectEXAM
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectFIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
dc.subjectFORMAL EDUCATION
dc.subjectFORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR
dc.subjectFORMAL SCHOOL SYSTEMS
dc.subjectFORMAL SCHOOLING
dc.subjectGENDER INEQUALITY
dc.subjectGIRLS
dc.subjectGRADE REPETITION
dc.subjectGROSS ENROLLMENT
dc.subjectGROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
dc.subjectGROSS ENROLMENT
dc.subjectGROSS ENROLMENT RATES
dc.subjectHIGH SCHOOL
dc.subjectHIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
dc.subjectHIGH SCHOOLS
dc.subjectHIGHER EDUCATION
dc.subjectHIGHER INCOMES
dc.subjectHOMEWORK
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SPENDING
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINDIVIDUAL LEARNER
dc.subjectINSTRUCTION
dc.subjectINSTRUCTIONAL TIME
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
dc.subjectINTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectINVESTING
dc.subjectJOB MARKET
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLAW SCHOOLS
dc.subjectLEARNING
dc.subjectLEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
dc.subjectLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS
dc.subjectLEVEL OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLEVELS OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLITERACY
dc.subjectLITERATURE
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME
dc.subjectMARKET ECONOMY
dc.subjectMATH
dc.subjectMATHEMATICS
dc.subjectMIDDLE SCHOOL
dc.subjectNUMBER OF STUDENTS
dc.subjectPAPERS
dc.subjectPARENTAL CHOICE
dc.subjectPARENTAL EDUCATION
dc.subjectPERFORMANCE AT SCHOOL
dc.subjectPOOR PEOPLE
dc.subjectPREPARATORY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPRIMARY STUDENTS
dc.subjectPRIMARY-SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIVATE EDUCATION
dc.subjectPRIVATE SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIVATE SCHOOLING
dc.subjectPRIVATE SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPRIVATE TUTORING
dc.subjectPROBABILITY
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPUBLIC EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectPUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPUBLIC SCHOOL
dc.subjectPUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
dc.subjectPUBLIC SCHOOLING
dc.subjectPUBLIC SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPUBLISHERS
dc.subjectQUALITY OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectRATES OF RETURN
dc.subjectREADING
dc.subjectREADING ACHIEVEMENT
dc.subjectREASONING
dc.subjectREGIONAL WORKSHOP
dc.subjectREGULAR CLASSROOM
dc.subjectREGULAR TEACHERS
dc.subjectREMEDIAL EDUCATION
dc.subjectREPETITION
dc.subjectREPETITION RATES
dc.subjectRESEARCH EVALUATION
dc.subjectRESEARCHERS
dc.subjectRETIRED
dc.subjectRETURNS TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL SCHOOLS
dc.subjectSCHOOL ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectSCHOOL AGE
dc.subjectSCHOOL AGE CHILDREN
dc.subjectSCHOOL CHILDREN
dc.subjectSCHOOL EDUCATION
dc.subjectSCHOOL FINANCE
dc.subjectSCHOOL HOURS
dc.subjectSCHOOL LEARNING
dc.subjectSCHOOL LEVEL
dc.subjectSCHOOL QUALITY
dc.subjectSCHOOL REFORM
dc.subjectSCHOOL SIZE
dc.subjectSCHOOL TEACHER
dc.subjectSCHOOL TEACHERS
dc.subjectSCHOOL VOUCHERS
dc.subjectSCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONS
dc.subjectSCHOOLING
dc.subjectSCHOOLS
dc.subjectSCIENCE STUDY
dc.subjectSECONDARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectSECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
dc.subjectSECONDARY STUDENTS
dc.subjectSHORT COURSES
dc.subjectSTANDARDIZED TESTS
dc.subjectSTOCK EXCHANGE
dc.subjectSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
dc.subjectSTUDENT ASSESSMENT
dc.subjectSTUDENT ASSESSMENTS
dc.subjectSTUDENT ATTENDANCE
dc.subjectSTUDENT CHARACTERISTICS
dc.subjectSTUDENT LEARNING
dc.subjectSTUDENT OUTCOMES
dc.subjectSTUDENT PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectSTUDENT SATISFACTION
dc.subjectSYLLABI
dc.subjectTEACHER
dc.subjectTEACHERS
dc.subjectTEST SCORES
dc.subjectTRAINING COURSES
dc.subjectTUITION
dc.subjectTUTORING
dc.subjectTUTORING PROGRAMS
dc.subjectTUTORS
dc.subjectUNIVERSITIES
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY ENTRANCE
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMS
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY PROFESSORS
dc.subjectUNIVERSITY STUDENTS
dc.subjectUPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTS
dc.subjectURBAN SCHOOLS
dc.subjectWAGE
dc.subjectYOUTH
dc.titleHow to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources?en
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleHow To Interpret The Growing Phenomenon Of Private Tutoring: Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, Or Waste Of Resources?
okr.date.doiregistration2025-04-10T10:07:01.606869Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Policy Research Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9032892/interpret-growing-phenomenon-private-tutoring-human-capital-deepening-inequality-increasing-or-waste-resources
okr.globalpracticeEducation
okr.guid615341468134395802
okr.identifier.doi10.1596/1813-9450-4530
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000158349_20080225153509
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum9032892
okr.identifier.reportWPS4530
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/02/25/000158349_20080225153509/Rendered/PDF/wps4530.pdfen
okr.topicTertiary Education
okr.topicEducation::Primary Education
okr.topicEducation::Education For All
okr.topicTeaching and Learning
okr.unitDevelopment Research Group (DECRG)
okr.volume1 of 1
relation.isAuthorOfPublication6294aeeb-2ae1-5d24-908b-ad69a09277e4
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery6294aeeb-2ae1-5d24-908b-ad69a09277e4
relation.isSeriesOfPublication26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
relation.isSeriesOfPublication.latestForDiscovery26e071dc-b0bf-409c-b982-df2970295c87
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