Publication:
Review of Urban Air Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa Region: Air Quality Profile of SSA Countries

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dc.contributor.authorSchwela, Dieter
dc.date.accessioned2017-06-02T19:50:07Z
dc.date.available2017-06-02T19:50:07Z
dc.date.issued2012
dc.description.abstractIn Africa, urban outdoor air pollution is responsible for an estimated 49,000 premature deaths annually with indoor use of solid fuels being responsible for eight times this value, the main burden being borne by Sub Saharan African countries. Air pollution, outdoor and indoor, affects the health and life chances of millions of people in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA)every day. There is a link between air pollution and poverty since poor people are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollutants and tend to suffer disproportionately from the effects of deteriorating air quality (AQ). Children in cities exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants will more often develop respiratory ailments which prevent them from developing and learning well. As a consequence they will suffer in adult life from low levels of qualifications and skills. The implication of poorly educated children is not only a reduction of quality of their lives but also an obstacle for the economic development of a country as a whole. Rapid urbanization means increase in motorization and economic activity which in turn leads to increased air pollution if countermeasures are not taken. In view these linkages addressing urban AQ in SSA is particularly important. Air pollution in Sub Saharan cities appears to be on the rise with respect to many key pollutants. In some cities where monitoring has been performed levels of air pollution exceed World Health Organization recommended guidelines. The main cause of urban air pollution is the use of fossil fuels in transport, power generation, industry and domestic sectors. In addition, the burning of firewood, agricultural and animal waste also contributes to pollution levels. Pollutant emissions have direct and indirect effects with a wide range of impacts on human health, ecosystems, agriculture and materials. There is a growing need to determine the state of urban AQ and the challenges posed to solve it and identify the most effective measures to protect human health and the environment. Learning from experience and successes in urban AQ management (AQM) from other countries can assists in the formulation and implementation of strategies to achieve better AQ in Sub Saharan Africa. This report compiles the information provided by the 25countries in a harmonized way and gives an in-depth review of AQ in SSA with AQ profile of each country, presenting the country's main current urban AQ issues, emissions standards, ongoing projects, lessons learned from good/bad practices. It was attempted to compile this information also for additional SSA countries from available publications and internet sources.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/936031468000276054/Review-of-urban-air-quality-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-region-air-quality-profile-of-SSA-countries
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/26864
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/26864
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.holderWorld Bank
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.subjectACCIDENTS
dc.subjectACID
dc.subjectACIDIFICATION
dc.subjectADVERSE IMPACT
dc.subjectAEROSOLS
dc.subjectAGENDA 21
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectAIR MONITORING
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTANT
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTANTS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION CONTROL
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION IMPACTS
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION INFORMATION
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION MONITORING
dc.subjectAIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY DATA
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY GUIDELINES
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY INFORMATION
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY MONITORING
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY STANDARDS
dc.subjectAMBIENT AIR
dc.subjectAMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
dc.subjectAROMATICS
dc.subjectATMOSPHERE
dc.subjectATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
dc.subjectAUDITS
dc.subjectAUTOMOBILE
dc.subjectAUTOMOBILES
dc.subjectAVERAGE TRIP LENGTHS
dc.subjectBENZENE
dc.subjectBIKES
dc.subjectBIOLOGICAL SPECIES
dc.subjectBIOMASS
dc.subjectBLACK CARBON
dc.subjectBOILERS
dc.subjectBUSES
dc.subjectCAI
dc.subjectCARBON
dc.subjectCARBON MONOXIDE
dc.subjectCARS
dc.subjectCATALYTIC CONVERTER
dc.subjectCH4
dc.subjectCLEAN AIR
dc.subjectCLEAN AIR INITIATIVE
dc.subjectCLEANER FUELS
dc.subjectCLIMATE
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCO
dc.subjectCO2
dc.subjectCOAL
dc.subjectCOMBUSTION
dc.subjectCONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS
dc.subjectCONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCOPPER
dc.subjectCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
dc.subjectDESERTIFICATION
dc.subjectDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDIESEL
dc.subjectDIESEL EXHAUST
dc.subjectDIESEL FUEL
dc.subjectDIOXINS
dc.subjectDNA
dc.subjectDRIVING
dc.subjectECONOMIC ACTIVITY
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
dc.subjectEMISSION
dc.subjectEMISSION CHARGES
dc.subjectEMISSION CONTROL
dc.subjectEMISSION CONTROLS
dc.subjectEMISSION DATA
dc.subjectEMISSION ESTIMATES
dc.subjectEMISSION PERMITS
dc.subjectEMISSION REDUCTION
dc.subjectEMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
dc.subjectEMISSION STANDARD
dc.subjectEMISSION STANDARDS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS CONTROL
dc.subjectEMISSIONS FACTORS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS INVENTORIES
dc.subjectEMISSIONS STANDARDS
dc.subjectENERGY CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectENERGY PRODUCTION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
dc.subjectEUTROPHICATION
dc.subjectEVAPORATION
dc.subjectEXHAUST EMISSIONS
dc.subjectFINANCIAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectFINE PARTICLES
dc.subjectFOREST
dc.subjectFOREST FIRES
dc.subjectFORMALDEHYDE
dc.subjectFOSSIL FUELS
dc.subjectFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectFREE GASOLINE
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL OIL
dc.subjectFUEL QUALITY
dc.subjectFUEL STANDARDS
dc.subjectFUEL USE
dc.subjectFUELS
dc.subjectGASOLINE
dc.subjectGHGS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GAS
dc.subjectGREENHOUSE GASES
dc.subjectHC
dc.subjectHUMAN HEALTH
dc.subjectHYBRID VEHICLES
dc.subjectHYDROCARBONS
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS
dc.subjectINSPECTION
dc.subjectINTERSECTIONS
dc.subjectIPCC
dc.subjectLANDFILLS
dc.subjectMANGANESE
dc.subjectMETHANE
dc.subjectMINES
dc.subjectMOBILE SOURCES
dc.subjectMONITORING EQUIPMENT
dc.subjectMONTREAL
dc.subjectMONTREAL PROTOCOL
dc.subjectMONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER
dc.subjectMOTOR CYCLES
dc.subjectNH3
dc.subjectNICKEL
dc.subjectNITROGEN
dc.subjectNITROGEN DIOXIDE
dc.subjectNITROGEN OXIDES
dc.subjectNO2
dc.subjectNOX
dc.subjectO3
dc.subjectOLEFINS
dc.subjectOPEN BURNING
dc.subjectORGANIC POLLUTANTS
dc.subjectOZONE
dc.subjectOZONE DEPLETION
dc.subjectOZONE LAYER
dc.subjectPAINTS
dc.subjectPARTICLE
dc.subjectPARTICLES
dc.subjectPARTICULATE
dc.subjectPARTICULATE MATTER
dc.subjectPESTICIDES
dc.subjectPETROLEUM CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectPETROLEUM PRODUCTS
dc.subjectPH
dc.subjectPM10
dc.subjectPOLICE
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKERS
dc.subjectPOLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
dc.subjectPOLLUTANT EMISSIONS
dc.subjectPOLLUTERS
dc.subjectPOLLUTION CONTROL
dc.subjectPOLLUTION EMISSION
dc.subjectPOLLUTION LEVELS
dc.subjectPOLLUTION PREVENTION
dc.subjectPOLLUTION PROBLEMS
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectPOWER PLANT
dc.subjectPOWER PLANTS
dc.subjectPP
dc.subjectPRECIPITATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT
dc.subjectPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
dc.subjectROAD
dc.subjectROADS
dc.subjectSMOKE
dc.subjectSO2
dc.subjectSOCIAL COSTS
dc.subjectSOLAR IRRADIANCE
dc.subjectSOX
dc.subjectSTATIONARY SOURCE
dc.subjectSTATIONARY SOURCES
dc.subjectSTRATOSPHERIC OZONE
dc.subjectSTYRENE
dc.subjectSULPHUR
dc.subjectSULPHUR DIOXIDE
dc.subjectSUSPENDED DUST
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectTAXI DRIVERS
dc.subjectTEMPERATURE
dc.subjectTOLUENE
dc.subjectTRAFFIC
dc.subjectTRAFFIC FLOW
dc.subjectTRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT SECTOR
dc.subjectTRIP
dc.subjectTRUCKS
dc.subjectTRUE
dc.subjectUNEP
dc.subjectUNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
dc.subjectURBAN AIR
dc.subjectURBAN AIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectURBAN AIR QUALITY
dc.subjectURBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN MOBILITY
dc.subjectURBAN TRANSPORT
dc.subjectVEHICLE
dc.subjectVEHICLE DRIVERS
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSION
dc.subjectVEHICLE EMISSIONS
dc.subjectVEHICLE FLEET
dc.subjectVEHICLE FLEETS
dc.subjectVEHICLES
dc.subjectVOC
dc.subjectVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
dc.subjectWASTE MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectWILDLIFE
dc.subjectWIND
dc.subjectWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
dc.titleReview of Urban Air Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa Regionen
dc.title.subtitleAir Quality Profile of SSA Countriesen
dc.typeReporten
dc.typeRapportfr
dc.typeInformees
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.crossref.titleReview of Urban Air Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa Region
okr.date.disclosure2012
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-07T09:38:12.253435Z
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work::Other Urban Study
okr.doctypeEconomic & Sector Work
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/936031468000276054/Review-of-urban-air-quality-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-region-air-quality-profile-of-SSA-countries
okr.guid936031468000276054
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000386194_20120402015455
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum16193871
okr.identifier.report67794
okr.importedtrue
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/936031468000276054/pdf/677940WP0P07690020120Box367897B0ACS.pdfen
okr.region.administrativeAfrica
okr.region.geographicalSub-Saharan Africa
okr.topicEnvironment::Air Quality & Clean Air
okr.topicEnvironment::Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases
okr.topicEnvironment::Environmental Economics & Policies
okr.topicEnvironment::Montreal Protocol
okr.topicTransport::Transport Economics Policy & Planning
okr.topicUrban Development::Transport in Urban Areas
okr.topicUrban Development::Urban Environment
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