Publication:
Improving Transparency in Pharmaceutical Systems : Strengthening Critical Decision Points Against Corruption

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dc.contributor.authorCohen, Jillian Clare
dc.contributor.authorCercone, James A.
dc.contributor.authorMacaya, Roman
dc.date.accessioned2014-10-14T17:00:56Z
dc.date.available2014-10-14T17:00:56Z
dc.date.issued2002-10
dc.description.abstractThis study presents a diagnostic framework and methodology to evaluate a pharmaceutical system s vulnerability to corruption and to determine which corrupt practices can have a major impact on the system s ultimate efficiency. We thus provide: (a) a systematic and quantifiable assessment of the extent to which a country s pharmaceutical system is vulnerable to corrupt practices; and (b) the identification of potential actions to increase the system s resistance to corruption, and ultimately, improve access of the population to good quality, essential medicines. The diagnostic framework and methodology permit users to identify key decision points in the pharmaceutical supply and distribution system (registration, selection, procurement, distribution, service delivery and use); assess the extent to which a country s current policies and practices at each of these key decision points make the system vulnerable to corruption; and understand the range of options that could reduce this vulnerability. This diagnostic tool has been designed for use by World Bank health specialists involved in health lending operations that include pharmaceutical components, and their national counterparts to help them identify points of vulnerability in the pharmaceutical system, address these points, and thus help ensure that pharmaceutical expenditures are maximized. While developed in the context of the health systems of Latin America and the Caribbean (and implemented in a pilot study in Costa Rica), the methodology can be modified with ease so that it is applicable to other regions.en
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/10/20201536/improving-transparency-pharmaceutical-systems-strengthening-critical-decision-points-against-corruption
dc.identifier.doi10.1596/20426
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/20426
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectABUSES
dc.subjectACCESS TO PHARMACEUTICALS
dc.subjectACCOUNTABILITY
dc.subjectACTIVE INGREDIENTS
dc.subjectADJUDICATION
dc.subjectALLOCATION OF RESOURCES
dc.subjectANALGESICS
dc.subjectANTIBIOTICS
dc.subjectANTICORRUPTION
dc.subjectANTICORRUPTION POLICIES
dc.subjectAUDITOR
dc.subjectAUDITS
dc.subjectBASIC SERVICES
dc.subjectBEST PRACTICES
dc.subjectBRIBE
dc.subjectBRIBES
dc.subjectBUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
dc.subjectCASH FLOW
dc.subjectCERTIFICATION
dc.subjectCITIZENS
dc.subjectCIVIL SERVANT
dc.subjectCLINICS
dc.subjectCOLLUSION
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVE BIDDING
dc.subjectCONFIDENCE
dc.subjectCORRUPT
dc.subjectCORRUPT PRACTICES
dc.subjectCORRUPTION
dc.subjectCOUNTERFEIT DRUGS
dc.subjectCRIME
dc.subjectCULTURAL PRACTICES
dc.subjectDECISION MAKING
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDISCLOSURE
dc.subjectDISCRETION
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS
dc.subjectDISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
dc.subjectDOCTORS
dc.subjectDOSAGE FORMS
dc.subjectDRUG CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectDRUG PRESCRIBING
dc.subjectDRUG PRICES
dc.subjectDRUG SELECTION
dc.subjectDRUG STORAGE
dc.subjectDRUG TESTING
dc.subjectDRUG UTILIZATION
dc.subjectDRUGS
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subjectEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectENFORCEMENT OF LAWS
dc.subjectEPIDEMIC
dc.subjectEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectESSENTIAL DRUGS
dc.subjectESSENTIAL MEDICINES
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectFEASIBILITY
dc.subjectFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectFOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectFOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES
dc.subjectFOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT
dc.subjectFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectGLOBAL POPULATION
dc.subjectGOOD GOVERNANCE
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
dc.subjectGROUP DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE PROVIDER
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE PROVISION
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE SYSTEM
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE SYSTEMS
dc.subjectHEALTH COSTS
dc.subjectHEALTH FACILITIES
dc.subjectHEALTH INITIATIVES
dc.subjectHEALTH INSURANCE
dc.subjectHEALTH OFFICIALS
dc.subjectHEALTH ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectHEALTH POLICY
dc.subjectHEALTH PROBLEMS
dc.subjectHEALTH PROFESSIONALS
dc.subjectHEALTH RESEARCH
dc.subjectHEALTH SECTOR
dc.subjectHEALTH SECTOR REFORM
dc.subjectHEALTH SERVICES
dc.subjectHEALTH SYSTEM
dc.subjectHEALTH SYSTEMS
dc.subjectHIDDEN COSTS
dc.subjectHIV/AIDS
dc.subjectHOSPITAL
dc.subjectHOSPITAL MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectHOSPITAL RECORDS
dc.subjectHOSPITALS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectILLNESSES
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINDIVIDUAL HEALTH
dc.subjectINDUCED DEMAND
dc.subjectINFECTIOUS DISEASES
dc.subjectINFORMATION SYSTEM
dc.subjectINFORMATION SYSTEMS
dc.subjectINTEGRITY
dc.subjectINVENTORY CONTROL
dc.subjectINVENTORY MANAGEMENT
dc.subjectLAWS
dc.subjectLEADERSHIP
dc.subjectLIMITED RESOURCES
dc.subjectMARKETING
dc.subjectMEDIA
dc.subjectMEDICAL CARE
dc.subjectMEDICAL SPECIALTIES
dc.subjectMEDICAL STORES
dc.subjectMEDICAL SUPPLIES
dc.subjectMEDICINE
dc.subjectMEDICINES
dc.subjectMINISTER
dc.subjectMINISTRY OF HEALTH
dc.subjectMONOPOLIES
dc.subjectMONOPOLY
dc.subjectMORAL HAZARD
dc.subjectMORBIDITY
dc.subjectMULTINATIONAL
dc.subjectNATIONAL DRUG
dc.subjectNATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE
dc.subjectNATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEM
dc.subjectNDP
dc.subjectNURSES
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectOPERATING COSTS
dc.subjectPACKAGING
dc.subjectPATIENT
dc.subjectPATIENT CARE
dc.subjectPATIENT COMPLIANCE
dc.subjectPATIENTS
dc.subjectPENALTY
dc.subjectPERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL LEGISLATION
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL POLICIES
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL PRICING
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL PROCUREMENT
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLIES
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEMS
dc.subjectPHARMACEUTICALS
dc.subjectPHARMACISTS
dc.subjectPHARMACY
dc.subjectPHYSICIAN
dc.subjectPHYSICIANS
dc.subjectPOLICY DECISIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectPOLICY MAKERS
dc.subjectPOLITICAL APPOINTEES
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectPRESCRIPTIONS
dc.subjectPRIMARY CARE
dc.subjectPRIVATE PHARMACIES
dc.subjectPROBABILITY
dc.subjectPROCUREMENT
dc.subjectPROCUREMENT OFFICES
dc.subjectPROCUREMENTS
dc.subjectPSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
dc.subjectPUBLIC FUNDS
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH CARE
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH CARE SERVICES
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURES
dc.subjectPUBLIC HOSPITALS
dc.subjectPUBLIC INFORMATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC OFFICIAL
dc.subjectPUBLIC OFFICIALS
dc.subjectPUBLIC PHARMACIES
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICIES
dc.subjectPUBLIC POLICY
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectPURCHASING
dc.subjectQUALITY ASSURANCE
dc.subjectQUALITY CONTROL
dc.subjectQUANTITATIVE DATA
dc.subjectRESOURCE ALLOCATION
dc.subjectSAFETY STOCK
dc.subjectSANCTIONS
dc.subjectSANITATION
dc.subjectSERVICE DELIVERY
dc.subjectSOCIAL SECURITY
dc.subjectSPECIFIC INCENTIVES
dc.subjectSUPPLY CHAINS
dc.subjectSUPPLY SYSTEMS
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectTECHNICAL SKILLS
dc.subjectTENDERING
dc.subjectTHEFT
dc.subjectTHERAPEUTICS
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTREATMENT GUIDELINES
dc.subjectUSER FEES
dc.subjectVACCINATION
dc.subjectVULNERABILITY
dc.subjectWASTE
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.subjectWORKING CONDITIONS
dc.subjectWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
dc.titleImproving Transparency in Pharmaceutical Systems : Strengthening Critical Decision Points Against Corruptionen
dspace.entity.typePublication
okr.date.disclosure2014-09-12
okr.date.doiregistration2025-05-05T12:26:29.968010Z
okr.doctypePublications & Research::Working Paper
okr.doctypePublications & Research
okr.docurlhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/10/20201536/improving-transparency-pharmaceutical-systems-strengthening-critical-decision-points-against-corruption
okr.globalpracticeHealth, Nutrition, and Population
okr.guid857191468276370152
okr.identifier.externaldocumentum000470435_20140912112236
okr.identifier.internaldocumentum20201536
okr.identifier.report90592
okr.language.supporteden
okr.pdfurlhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/09/12/000470435_20140912112236/Rendered/PDF/905920WP0Box3800wb0paper0pharma2002.pdfen
okr.peerreviewAcademic Peer Review
okr.region.administrativeLatin America & Caribbean
okr.sectorHealth and other social services :: Health
okr.themePublic sector governance :: Public expenditure, financial management and procurement
okr.themeHuman development :: Health system performance
okr.topicHealth Monitoring and Evaluation
okr.topicPublic Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures
okr.topicHealth Systems Development and Reform
okr.topicHealth, Nutrition and Population::Population Policies
okr.topicPharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics
okr.topicPublic Sector Development
okr.unitHuman Development Network, Latin America and Caribbean Region
okr.volume1 of 1
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