Publication: Kosovo : Poverty Assessment, Volume 2
Loading...
Published
2001-12-20
ISSN
Date
2013-08-28
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
As Kosovo goes beyond the emergency relief phase, taking into consideration the situation of those that the conflict has left behind is vital to the effectiveness of any strategy for economic development. The study is designed to inform the current policy debate in the area of poverty alleviation, and social service delivery, and to include these in the Joint Interim Administrative Structure (JIAS), the World Bank, and other donors perspectives. Within the definition of poverty as a multidimensional force that extends beyond low levels of income, the report covers a wide range of issues, including consumption, income, education, health, and social protection. It is predominantly based on data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey, statistically representative of both the Albanian, and Serb population, though not of other ethnic groups. The study comprises two volumes, the first one reviews background information, and data to examine the extent of poverty in Kosovo, the role of food aid, and identifies the correlates of extreme poverty. Poverty is analyzed versus income sources, and social assistance, and against inequality in educational attainments, and access to health care, to lay the foundation for building a strategy for poverty alleviation. Based on the profile of poverty in Kosovo, the second volume discusses the consumption poverty profile, and factors affecting the risk of extreme poverty, to challenge building an effective social protection strategy. Conclusions indicate that to avoid an increase in poverty, economic growth should increase the share of income derived from wages, and the JIAS must increase assistance to households not able to participate in the economy.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2001. Kosovo : Poverty Assessment, Volume 2. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15440 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Kosovo : Poverty Assessment, Volume 1. Main Report(Washington, DC, 2001-12-20)As Kosovo goes beyond the emergency relief phase, taking into consideration the situation of those that the conflict has left behind is vital to the effectiveness of any strategy for economic development. The study is designed to inform the current policy debate in the area of poverty alleviation, and social service delivery, and to include these in the Joint Interim Administrative Structure (JIAS), the World Bank, and other donors perspectives. Within the definition of poverty as a multidimensional force that extends beyond low levels of income, the report covers a wide range of issues, including consumption, income, education, health, and social protection. It is predominantly based on data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey, statistically representative of both the Albanian, and Serb population, though not of other ethnic groups. The study comprises two volumes, the first one reviews background information, and data to examine the extent of poverty in Kosovo, the role of food aid, and identifies the correlates of extreme poverty. Poverty is analyzed versus income sources, and social assistance, and against inequality in educational attainments, and access to health care, to lay the foundation for building a strategy for poverty alleviation. Based on the profile of poverty in Kosovo, the second volume discusses the consumption poverty profile, and factors affecting the risk of extreme poverty, to challenge building an effective social protection strategy. Conclusions indicate that to avoid an increase in poverty, economic growth should increase the share of income derived from wages, and the JIAS must increase assistance to households not able to participate in the economy.Publication Armenia : Poverty Update(Washington, DC, 2002-12-09)The report updates the poverty situation in Armenia, largely based on the Integrated Living Conditions Survey conducted during 1998-99, and provides as well, the foundation for the preparation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy. The poverty profile identifies a widespread, and still deep poverty incidence, but while this poverty seems persistent, its depth and severity may be decreasing, and extreme poverty subsiding. Notwithstanding the fact that estimates point to a stabilization of the poverty profile, there are identified population groups facing particularly high poverty risk, i.e., very young children and the elderly, unemployed and adults not participating in the labor market, and people residing in high altitude and earthquake regions. Factors behind the persistence of poverty in Armenia are: low income and high inequality in its distribution; growth which did not generate sufficient employment opportunities; and, the impact of the Russian crisis during the period under review. Recommendations call for the implementation of regular integrated household surveys (quarterly), and, include the need to focus on generating more job opportunities, by creating an environment conducive to private sector development, i.e., small and medium scale enterprises; and, increase public spending on quality education, and health, while pursuing ongoing reforms, namely, in health management and finance.Publication Kyrgyz Republic : Poverty Assessment, Volume 1. Growth, Employment and Poverty(Washington, DC, 2007-10-19)This report, which has been prepared by the World Bank in cooperation with the National Statistical Committee, provides an assessment of poverty in the Kyrgyz Republic using the most recent data available. The objective of this report is to understand to what extent economic growth has reduced poverty and led to improved living conditions for the population during 2000-2005. The report also attempts to answer three questions about the Kyrgyz Republic: what is the profile of poor? How has economic growth affected the level and composition of poverty? How has the labor market contributed to changes in poverty? The report is divided into two volumes. The first volume begins with this chapter which provides an international comparison of social and other key indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic followed by a profile of the poor based upon 2005 household survey data. The second chapter analyzes the linkages between growth and poverty during 2000-2005. The third chapter provides our key findings of labor market outcomes and poverty and what the implications are for policy making. The final chapter synthesizes the information from the earlier chapters and provides some policy directions. The second volume provides a more thorough analysis of labor markets. It covers developments in the labor market, urban labor markets, rural labor markets and differences between men and women in the labor market.Publication Georgia : Poverty assessment(World Bank, 2009-04-01)This report presents a comprehensive analysis of poverty and its main determinants using the most recent 2007 Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) data. It provides an in-depth analysis of rural poverty, the linkages between labor markets and poverty, the importance of social transfers for poverty alleviation, and the progress made since 2003 in the health and education sectors, and also presents some findings on incomes trends based on the Household Budget Survey from 2003 to 2006. The report also simulates possible poverty impacts from the dual shocks of the August 2008 conflict and the current global financial crisis. Main messages in the document are: (1) the available data indicate that living standards in Georgia have improved in many dimensions since 2003; (2) poverty in Georgia continues to be deeply entrenched in rural areas, accounting for 60 percent of the poor; (3) the performance of the labor markets has so far not contributed much to poverty reduction; (4) social assistance became an increasingly important lifeline for Georgia's poor; (5) the double shocks of the August 2008 conflict and the global financial crisis risk undermining the poverty reduction effort; and (6) the poverty reduction strategy of the government of Georgia should focus on: extending the coverage of the Targeted Social Assistance to reach more of the poor; promoting investments in infrastructure and creating opportunities for off-farm employment in rural areas; and continuing reforms in the health and education sectors to improve human capital, which is the prerequisite for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. The main findings state that since 2003, Georgia has implemented an impressive array of reforms. Unfortunately, the absence of comparable household surveys over time precludes a proper analysis of the impact of these reforms on growth and poverty reduction.Publication Arab Republic of Egypt : Poverty Assessment Update, Volume 1. Main Report(Washington, DC, 2007-09-16)This report on the Poverty Assessment Update of Egypt is a contribution to the strategy of poverty alleviation pursued by the Government of Egypt. Using data from the two household surveys in 2000 and 2005, this report assesses the nature and dimensions of poverty in Egypt, and discusses the role of macroeconomic policies and labor markets in improving living standards. The report updates the findings of "Poverty Reduction in Egypt: Diagnosis and Strategy," published by the World Bank in 2002. Over the last two years Egypt has achieved remarkably high economic growth. Should this turnaround be sustained, there is hope that poverty can be dramatically reduced. Even though the report does not cover this most recent period, it is important to learn from the lessons of the recent past, and the report provides new information and insights that could be useful for policy-makers: 1) It identifies the overall scope and trends in poverty between 2000 and 2005, focusing on material aspects, but also assessing progress in non-income dimensions; 2) It isolates key correlates to poverty and economic vulnerability, providing detailed analysis of how inflation affected the poor in this period; 3) It links the labor market's developments with changes in living standards and poverty; and 4) It provides the analytical base for mapping poverty in Egypt, which can improve the targeting of social programs. The first chapter examines the evolution of living standards in Egypt during the period of analysis - 2000 to 2005. It also gives the details of the poverty map and where the poor live. Chapter 2 describes who the poor are and provides the poverty correlates: looking at the characteristics of the poor and the relation of these characteristics to education (and access to education), employment, gender, age, or asset characteristics. Chapter 3 continues by providing some background on economic developments between 2000 and 2005 and identifies possible areas of policy interventions in light of economic and social policies and developments after 2005. Chapter 4 offers in-depth analysis of the labor market to attempt to discern longer-term trends in living standards, and links employment with poverty levels. Finally, Chapter 5 looks at the capacity of the monitoring system, and lays the foundations for a future analytical program.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Comoros Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-06-18)The Union of the Comoros (The Comoros) has significant vulnerability to climate change-related risks but has considerable opportunities to strengthen preparedness and resilience against these challenges. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index, the Comoros is the 29th-most vulnerable country to climate change and the 163rd most ready to adapt (out of 191). The Comoros archipelago is exposed to many natural hazards that adversely affect the country’s natural capital, people, and physical infrastructure. In 2014, the economic cost of climate-related disasters was estimated at 5.7 million dollars annually, equivalent to 9.2 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Between 2018 and 2023, as many as 11 tropical depressions or cyclones impacted the country, with Cyclone Kenneth causing the greatest damage, equivalent to 14 percent of GDP, resulting in total economic growth falling from 3.6 percent in 2018 to 1.9 percent in 2019. More than 345,000 people (40 percent of the population) were affected by the cyclone, with 185,000 people experiencing severe impacts and 12,000 people displaced. However, there is an opportunity for the country to grow more robust and shock-responsive, and to establish pre-positioned funding mechanisms to enhance future crisis response efforts. For the Comoros, adaptation and climate-resilient development are the key climate change focus areas, with the country projected to face 836 million dollars 2050 in additional costs due to climate-related impacts. Current plans to adapt to the impacts of climate change in the Comoros include efforts to improve water management, strengthen coastal protection, and develop climate-smart agriculture practices. Given the country’s reliance on its natural resource base for economic growth and mobility, protection of these resources from climate change will be essential for promoting resilient growth and development. In addition to growing the adaptive capacity of the country’s natural resource sectors, strategic economic diversification will be important to help minimize future climate impacts, and development activities will need to be undertaken in such a way as to attract low-carbon co-benefits. The Union of the Comoros is committed to addressing climate change through its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and national priorities. The country’s NDC (which was revised in 2021 for a ten-year horizon) sets ambitious targets, with a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 23 percent by 2030. The country also plans to significantly increase the share of renewable energy in its energy portfolio, reaching 33 MW by 2030. This will not only promote low-carbon development but also reduce the country’s dependency on imported oil and coal, which currently make up 95 percent of the energy mix. Additionally, the Comoros has declared its intention to increase CO2 removals by 47 percent by 2030, compared to BAU.Publication Mongolia Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-22)Mongolia’s development prospects are uniquely challenged by both the impacts of climate change and the global shift toward a low-carbon economy. The country’s efforts toward decarbonization pose significant challenges given the structurally high-emission intensity of its economy. While challenging, climate action also presents Mongolia with opportunities to achieve important development benefits. The effects of climate risks and the shift away from coal will have diverse impacts across different regions, communities, and socioeconomic levels. The report assesses the critical interconnections between Mongolia’s development ambitions and climate change action and identifies ways to transition to a more economically diversified, inclusive, and resilient development path. It highlights key climate and transition risks affecting Mongolia’s future development and presents a pathway to enhance climate mitigation and adaptation. The report also makes a case for strengthening policies to enhance resilience to climate change and ensure a just transition, particularly for the most vulnerable. The report is structured as follows: section 1 gives introduction. Section 2 delves into the linkages between development and climate in Mongolia and presents model-based findings on the economic and poverty impacts of climate change under different scenarios. Section 3 covers four in-depth sectoral analyses. The first two mainly focus on adaptation to climate change in the agriculture and water sectors. The third considers prospects for the extraction sector, while the fourth sectoral analysis focuses on decarbonizing power and heat generation. Section 4 shifts the focus to how the government can boost resilience for climate-vulnerable populations. Section 5 outlines options for mobilizing private and public financing and private investments to support the green transition. Section 6 examines the existing institutional and governance structure for climate action and presents recommendations to improve its effectiveness, and section 7 concludes with a framework for prioritizing the policy actions outlined in this report.Publication Kyrgyz Republic Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-11-03)This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) on the Kyrgyz Republic aims to support the country’s development goals amid a changing climate. The CCDR considers two policy scenarios up to 2050: the business-as-usual (BAU) and high-growth scenarios. As it quantifies the likely impacts of climate change on the Kyrgyz economy between now and 2050, the report highlights key government actions to best prepare for and adapt to climate impacts (referred to as “with adaptation” measures), with a particular focus on the time horizon up to 2030. The CCDR also outlines a path to net zero emissions by 2050 (referred to as “with mitigation” measures, “decarbonization,” or, simply, “net zero 2050”), highlighting associated development co-benefits.Publication Guinea-Bissau Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-23)Guinea-Bissau is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, with the highest natural capital per capita in West Africa (US3,874 dollars per capita), which could be leveraged for sustainable and resilient growth. However, Guinea-Bissau faces significant development hurdles, such as high poverty rates, political instability, and economic challenges, including an over-reliance on cashew nuts. Rural poverty has increased, and the nation's infrastructure, education, and health care systems are underdeveloped. Climate change poses a severe threat, potentially impacting agriculture, fisheries, and infrastructure. Without adaptation, it could lead to a significant cut in real GDP per capita (minus 7.3 percent by 2050) and increase in poverty (with up to over 200,000 additional poor by 2050, that is, 5 percent of the expected population, in the worst scenario). The country's low greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise, mainly due to agriculture and land-use changes, with deforestation being a major contributing factor. Although Guinea-Bissau is a low emitter, it has high mitigation ambitions, targeting a 30 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The Nationally Determined Contribution outlines significant climate actions, with initiatives focused on forest conservation, sustainable agriculture, and community development. However, the country's political instability, institutional weaknesses, and limited financial resources pose challenges to implementing these climate commitments, which depend heavily on external funding. The financial sector's underdevelopment and vulnerability to external shocks limit its ability to support green investments, though reforms could enhance resilience. Guinea-Bissau must consider its climate financing as development financing and vice-versa, engage the private sector, and integrate climate goals with national development plans to ensure a sustainable future. Concessional climate financing is vital due to the underdeveloped financial sector and the government’s limited borrowing capacity. Addressing Guinea-Bissau's vulnerability to climate change and its structural issues requires a cohesive approach that integrates development and climate strategies. This could involve improving governance, diversifying the economy, protecting natural capital, developing human capital, and investing in sustainable agriculture and infrastructure. The transition to a more sustainable and inclusive development pathway that supports economic growth is possible, but requires focusing on key strategic sectors, enhancing institutional capacity, and creating the conditions to mobilize finance. As a highly vulnerable country, there are myriad needs in the different sectors; however, to be more efficient and effective, Guinea-Bissau should prioritize actions in a few sectors, especially actions on biodiversity, agriculture, and social protection. Low carbon development, especially in energy and forestry sectors, could provide cost-efficient solutions and attract climate finance, including from the private sector, which will support the overall development agenda.Publication Jobs in a Changing Climate: Insights from World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Reports Covering 93 Economies(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-11-05)The World Bank Group’s Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) provide a crosscutting look at how countries’ development prospects, and the job opportunities they offer to their people, can be threatened by climate impacts and supported by climate policies. Climate change and policies affect jobs through impacts on productivity, energy and material efficiency, and physical, human, and natural capital. They can also transform employment opportunities, especially through complementary measures that help workers and firms adapt to and benefit from new technologies and production practices. Prepared by the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), CCDRs integrate country perspectives, climate science and economic modeling, private sector information, and policy analysis to assess how countries can successfully grow and develop their economies and create jobs despite increasing climate risks and while achieving their climate objectives and commitments. Each CCDR starts from the country’s development priorities, opportunities, and challenges, and is developed in close consultation with governments, businesses, and civil society, ensuring the recommendations reflect national priorities. By combining evidence on adaptation, resilience, and emissions pathways, CCDRs highlight where climate action can reinforce development and job creation, and where targeted policies are needed to manage risks and smooth labor market transitions. Taken together, these elements can help create local jobs, ensure economic transitions are just and inclusive, and equip workers and firms to navigate the disruptions and opportunities of a changing climate and changing technologies.