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Ebadi, Ebad

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Last updated: May 19, 2025
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Ebad Ebadi is an Economist in the Office of the Chief Economist of the Sustainable Development Global Practice at the World Bank. He specializes in applying econometric and data analysis techniques to explore developmental issues, with a focus on labor markets, international trade, and the economic and social consequences of environmental externalities. Prior to joining the World Bank, he was involved in academia, teaching at George Washington University and the University of Tehran. He also engaged in research roles at various think tanks and institutions, including the IMF. Ebad earned his Ph.D. in Economics (George Washington University, the US) and holds an MSc in Economics (London School of Economics, UK).

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    Nature's Paradox: Stepping Stone or Millstone?
    (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-05-13) Damania, Richard; Ebadi, Ebad; Mayr, Kentaro; Rentschler, Jun; Russ, Jason; Zaveri, Esha
    This report is about the intersection of two major crises of the 21st century—the sustainability crisis and the social exclusion and inequality crisis. The world is facing massive environmental degradation. Some of these challenges—including climate change, ecosystem collapse, and ocean acidification—represent global existential threats. Others, such as air pollution, water pollution, and land degradation, inflict significant costs on local populations. These environmental challenges are a byproduct of unsustainable practices in the pursuit of economic growth. And while this growth has raised living standards around the world, and lifted billions out of poverty, not all countries or peoples have benefited equally. The research presented in this report focuses on the interaction between social exclusion and natural capital—the world’s stock of natural resources and environmental assets, which include soil, water, and air. It seeks to determine how socially excluded populations fit into their wider environment, asking whether their lands are in less productive geographies, they endure disproportionately higher levels of pollution, their usage patterns of natural capital lead to more rapid depletion, they are systematically denied equivalent access to the environmental amenities and natural resources they need for a decent life on a livable planet, and so on.
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    Fit for (re)purpose?: A New Look at the Spatial Distribution of Agricultural Subsidies
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-04-21) Ebadi, Ebad; Russ, Jason; Zaveri, Esha
    Agricultural subsidies make up a large share of public budgets, exceeding 40 percent of total agricultural production value in some countries. Subsidies are often important components of government strategies to raise agricultural productivity, support agricultural households, and promote food security. They do so by reducing production costs, promoting the use of inputs or modern farming techniques, encouraging the production of certain crops, and raising household incomes. Given the magnitude of these subsidies, their distributional implications and the externalities they impose on the environment are of significant consequence. This paper uses a new spatial analysis to explore the distributional implications of agricultural output subsidies across 16 countries/regions and the distributional and select environmental implications of input subsidies across 23 countries/regions. The findings show that, relative to the spatial distribution of income, both types of subsidy are distributionally mixed. Output subsidies are relatively progressive in 10 countries/regions and regressive in six, while input subsidies are relatively progressive in 11 countries/regions, regressive in nine, and neutral in three. The results also show that input subsidy schemes significantly increase fertilizer use, particularly in richer regions within countries, leading to soil saturation of nitrogen, an indicator of accelerated environmental degradation.