Person: Rawlings, Laura B.
Global Practice on Social Protection and Labor
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Social protection, Impact evaluation, Development economics
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Global Practice on Social Protection and Labor
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Last updated: August 14, 2023
Biography
Laura B. Rawlings is an economist with over 20 years of experience in the design, implementation and evaluation of human development programs. She currently works on developing innovative approaches for scalable social protection systems in low resource settings, with a research focus on using cash transfers together with behavioral interventions to foster improved early childhood development. She was the team leader responsible for developing the World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012-2022 and was previously the manager of the Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF). She also worked as the Sector Leader for Human Development in Central America where she was responsible for managing the World Bank’s health, education and social protection portfolios. She began her career at the World Bank in the Development Research Group where she worked on the impact evaluation of social programs. She has worked in Africa and Latin American leading numerous project and research initiatives in the areas of conditional cash transfers, public works, social funds, early childhood development and social protection systems. Prior to joining the World Bank she worked for the Overseas Development Council where she ran an education program on development issues for staff in the US Congress. She has published numerous books and articles in the fields of evaluation and human development and is a professor in Georgetown University’s Global Human Development program.
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Now showing 1 - 10 of 21
Publication Addressing Care to Accelerate Equality(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-08) Ahmed, Tanima; Devercelli, Amanda; Glinskaya, Elena; Nasir, Rudaba; Rawlings, Laura B.The care economy is essential in daily life and a driver of economic growth, human capital development, and employment. Gender is a defining characteristic of the care economy. Women spend 3.2 times more time on unpaid care work than men and constitute the majority of the care workforce. Disproportionate unpaid care responsibilities and a lack of access to quality, accessible, affordable care services impede women’s economic participation and affect their overall well-being. Investments in the care sector are essential to accelerate equality and could generate up to 299 million jobs worldwide by 2035. Globally, the need for care services is high. Worldwide, 43 percent of all children below primary-school-entry age—350 million children—need childcare but do not have access to it. The need for eldercare is also growing as the population continues to age and face chronic health conditions. The World Bank actively supports countries in addressing this care crisis. This thematic policy note reviews many of the issues, evidence, and lessons learned.Publication Impact Evaluation in Practice, Second Edition(Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and World Bank, 2016-09-13) Gertler, Paul J.; Martinez, Sebastian; Premand, Patrick; Rawlings, Laura B.; Vermeersch, Christel M. J.The second edition of the Impact Evaluation in Practice handbook is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to impact evaluation for policy makers and development practitioners. First published in 2011, it has been used widely across the development and academic communities. The book incorporates real-world examples to present practical guidelines for designing and implementing impact evaluations. Readers will gain an understanding of impact evaluations and the best ways to use them to design evidence-based policies and programs. The updated version covers the newest techniques for evaluating programs and includes state-of-the-art implementation advice, as well as an expanded set of examples and case studies that draw on recent development challenges. It also includes new material on research ethics and partnerships to conduct impact evaluation. The handbook is divided into four sections: Part One discusses what to evaluate and why; Part Two presents the main impact evaluation methods; Part Three addresses how to manage impact evaluations; Part Four reviews impact evaluation sampling and data collection. Case studies illustrate different applications of impact evaluations. The book links to complementary instructional material available online, including an applied case as well as questions and answers. The updated second edition will be a valuable resource for the international development community, universities, and policy makers looking to build better evidence around what works in development.Publication Boosting the Benefits of Cash Transfer Programs during the Early Years: A Case Study Review of Accompanying Measures(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-10) Trias, Julieta; Rawlings, Laura; Willenborg, EmmaUsing a case study approach, this comparative review examines the operational arrangements of child-focused accompanying measures in nutrition and parenting from 19 cash transfer programs. It covers both family-focused cash transfer programs for households with children, and public works programs that have incorporated accompanying measures largely in response to the need for childcare among beneficiaries. The accompanying measures reviewed include: incentives for pregnant women, parents and caregivers to use available supply-side services; the direct provision of child focused goods and services as part of the cash transfer program; and behavioral interventions for parents and caregivers to build knowledge and inform choices and parenting practices. As context for the operational case study approach, the note includes a theory of change and brief review of the available evidence on cash transfer programs’ impact on young children’s development. The note also provides a set of operational lessons learned and a ‘forward look’ to inform program design and future research.Publication Do Behavioral Interventions Enhance the Effects of Cash on Early Childhood Development and Its Determinants? Evidence from a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Madagascar(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-08) Datta, Saugato; Martin, Joshua; MacLeod, Catherine; Rawlings, Laura B.; Vermehren, AndreaThis paper evaluates the effects of interventions based on behavioral science on measures of early childhood socio-cognitive development (and related household-level outcomes) for children from households receiving cash transfers in Madagascar, using a multi-arm cluster-randomized trial. Three behavioral interventions (a Mother Leaders group and associated activities, by itself or augmented with a self-affirmation or a plan-making nudge) are layered onto a child-focused cash transfer program targeting children from birth to age six years. Approximately 18 months into the implementation of these interventions and 20 months since baseline, the study finds evidence that households in the behaviorally enhanced arms undertake more desirable parenting behaviors, interact more with their children, prepare more (and more diverse) meals at home, and report lower food insecurity than households that received only cash. Children from households in several of the behaviorally enhanced arms also perform better than children from households in the cash-only arm on several measures of socio-cognitive development, including language learning and social skills.Publication Promoting Early Childhood Development through Combining Cash Transfers and Parenting Programs(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-12) Arriagada, Ana-Maria; Perry, Jonathan; Rawlings, Laura; Trias, Julieta; Zumaeta, MelissaThis paper examines the potential for bringing together cash transfer and parenting programs focused on child stimulation to boost child development, particularly for children ages 0-3 years. The paper reviews the rationale for linking both types of programs and the evidence to date on the impact of cash transfer programs, parenting programs, and their combination. The paper reviews the main operational features of 10 examples of combining cash transfer and parenting interventions and identifies four models for structuring the combination: integrated, convergence, alignment, and piggy-backing. The paper finds promising evidence for combining the interventions, where adding the parenting program to the cash transfer program has improved some parental practices and child development outcomes, with results in cognition and language. However, the evidence is still scarce, and more research is needed to understand the key elements of the optimal combinations, fidelity of implementation, cost-effectiveness of different design features, replicability, and sustainability of results.Publication How Household Characteristics Shape Program Access and Asset Accumulation: A Mixed Method Analysis of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme in Rwanda(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-02) Gatzinsi, Justine; Hartwig, Renate; Mossman, Lindsay; Francoise, Umutoni Marie; Roberte, Isimbi; Rawlings, LauraThis paper assesses how household context and characteristics shape the welfare trajectory and more specifically the accumulation of productive assets among beneficiaries of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme in Rwanda, the government's flagship social assistance program. The analysis is based on a unique data set combining panel household survey data with in-depth qualitative interviews of a subsample of male and female beneficiaries from the survey data collected between 2009 and 2015. By combining quantitative and qualitative information, the paper draws a more nuanced picture of how household characteristics—structural and temporal—contextualize opportunities for poor men and women and their households and shape how well they can leverage access to the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme to accumulate productive assets. The mixed method analysis reveals that household composition, gender power dynamics, disability, care responsibilities, marital arrangements, intrahousehold communication, and access to other social programs and institutions play a crucial role in access to the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme and related asset accumulation. The findings suggest that households would benefit from a broader definition of the eligibility criteria and the availability of flexible and complementary programming, to reap the benefits of the income transfer received from the program.Publication Integrating Social Protection and Early Childhood Development: Open Trial of a Family Home-Visiting Intervention, Sugira Muryango(Taylor and Francis, 2018-04-24) Betancourt, Theresa S.; Franchett, Emily; Kirk, Catherine M.; Brennan, Robert T.; Rawlings, Laura; Wilson, Briana; Yousafzai, Aisha; Wilder, Rose; Mukunzi, Sylvere; Mukandanga, Josee; Ukundineza, Christian; Godfrey, Kalisa; Sezibera, VincentA pre-post design with 6–13-month follow-up assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a home-visiting intervention to promote early childhood development, improve parenting and shared decision-making, and reduce violence in impoverished Rwandan households. Twenty vulnerable families with a child 36-months or younger enrolled in Sugira Muryango. Measures of parenting, home environment, family-violence, decision-making, and health-status were administered at pre/post and follow-up. Families reported high satisfaction post-intervention. OMCI scores improved for 4.8% of mother-child dyads at post-intervention and 19.0% at follow-up, while 9.5% of dyads showed declines at both times. HOME Inventory scores improved for 9.5% and 14.3% of dyads at post-intervention and follow-up respectively and declined for 4.8% and 0.0%. Indicators for equal decision-making and child dietary-diversity improved at post-intervention and follow-up. Fewer mothers believed physical punishment was necessary at follow-up. Sugira Muryango shows promise for improving parenting, beliefs about harsh punishment, child nutritional status, and shared decision-making among vulnerable families.Publication Impact Evaluation in Practice, First Edition(World Bank, 2011) Gertler, Paul J.; Martinez, Sebastian; Premand, Patrick; Rawlings, Laura B.; Vermeersch, Christel M. J.The Impact Evaluation in Practice handbook is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to impact evaluation for policymakers and development practitioners. The book incorporates real-world examples to present practical guidelines for designing and implementing evaluations. Readers will gain an understanding of the uses of impact evaluation and the best ways to use evaluations to design policies and programs that are based on evidence of what works most effectively. The handbook is divided into three sections: Part One discusses what to evaluate and why; Part Two outlines the theoretical underpinnings of impact evaluation; and Part Three examines how to implement an evaluation. Case studies illustrate different methods for carrying out impact evaluations.Publication Stepping Up Early Childhood Development : Investing in Young Children for High Returns(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-10) Denboba, Amina D.; Sayre, Rebecca K.; Wodon, Quentin T.; Elder, Leslie K.; Rawlings, Laura B.; Lombardi, JoanInvesting in young children is one of the best investments that countries can make. A child s earliest years present a unique window of opportunity to address inequality, break the cycle of poverty, and improve a wide range of outcomes later in life. Recent brain research suggests the need for holistic approaches to learning, growth, and development, recognizing that young children s physical and intellectual well-being, as well as their socio-emotional and cognitive development, are interrelated. To fully benefit from future opportunities in life and become productive members of society, by the end of early childhood, young children must be: healthy and well-nourished; securely attached to caregivers; able to interact positively with families, teachers, and peers; able to communicate in their native language; and ready to learn throughout primary school. This document draws on these existing frameworks and broad evidence on the impacts of ECD interventions. It summarizes some of the existing literature on this topic with the aim to identify key interventions needed for children. The document is intended to provide an easily accessible introduction to interventions and integrated services that could help policymakers and practitioners think about how to effectively invest in ECD. In addition to identifying key interventions, the document outlines four principles that can help countries design and implement strong ECD policies and programs. Countries should: (i) prepare an ECD diagnostic and strategy; (ii) implement widely through coordination; (iii) create synergies and cost savings through integrated interventions; and (iv) monitor, evaluate, and scale up successful interventions. In terms of interventions, within the ECD period, 25 key interventions are identified as essential for a child s growth and development. For each intervention, illustrative costs and impacts are provided. These are based on existing evidence and are only intended to be indicative. The document suggests that these interventions can be delivered through five integrated packages at different stages in a child s life. The five packages of interventions include: (a) the family support package, which should be provided throughout the ECD period, (b) the pregnancy package, (c) the birth package (from birth to six months), (d) the child health and development package, and (e) the preschool package.Publication Building Social Protection and Labor Systems : Concepts and Operational Implications(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-03) Walker, Ian; Robalino, David A.; Rawlings, LauraThis paper presents a framework for designing and implementing social protection and labor (SP&L) systems in middle and low income countries. Although the term 'system' is used to describe a country's set of social protection programs, these tend to operate independently with little or no coordination even when they have the same policy objective and target similar population groups. The paper argues that enhancing coordination across SP&L policies, programs, and administrative tools has the potential to enhance both individual program performance as well as the overall provision of social protection across programs. The first part of the paper discusses the characteristics of well?designed social protection systems. It also points to the gains and some of the risks - of moving toward systems, including: (i) more effective risk management in crisis and non?crisis periods; (ii) improved financial sustainability; (iii) more equitable redistribution; (iv) economies of scale in administration; and (v) better incentives. The second part discusses issues related to design and implementation based on country studies for Brazil, Chile, India, Niger, Romania, and Vietnam. It suggests three levels of engagement to support the design of SP&L systems: (a) at the policy level, defining how different instruments (e.g., savings, risk pooling, redistribution) interact, and coordinating financing mechanisms and institutional arrangements; (b) at the program level, improving the design of individual programs and creating synergies with other programs within and across social protection functions; and (c) at the administrative level, setting up basic 'nuts and bolts' tools that can work across programs, such as beneficiary identification and registry, payment mechanisms, and management information systems. The last part of the paper outlines some of the implications of a systems vision for the World Bank's social protection and labor practice.