Abadzi, Helen2012-06-082012-06-082007-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7569Studies have shown that learning outcomes are related to the amount of time students engage in learning tasks. However, visits to schools have revealed that students are often taught for only a fraction of the intended time, particularly in lower-income countries. Losses are due to informal school closures, teacher absenteeism, delays, early departures, and sub-optimal use of time in the classroom. A study was undertaken to develop an efficient methodology for measuring instructional time loss. Thus, instructional time use was measured in sampled schools in Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana, and the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. The percentage of time that students were engaged in learning vis-à-vis government expectations was approximately 39 percent in Ghana, 63 percent in Pernambuco, 71 percent in Morocco, and 78 percent in Tunisia. Instructional time use is a mediator variable that is challenging to measure, so it often escapes scrutiny. Research suggests that merely financing the ingredients of instruction is not enough to produce learning outcomes; students must also get sufficient time to process the information. The quantity-quality tradeoff that often accompanies large-scale enrollments may be partly due to instructional time restrictions. Time wastage also distorts budgetary outlays and teacher salary rates. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals students must get more of the time that governments, donors, and parents pay for.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSENTEEISM RATESACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTACADEMIC LEARNINGACADEMIC PERFORMANCEACADEMIC SUBJECTSACADEMIC YEARACCESS TO TEXTBOOKSACHIEVEMENT OUTCOMESACHIEVEMENT TEST SCORESACHIEVEMENT TESTSACHIEVEMENTSACTIVE LEARNING METHODSAFTERNOON SHIFTAPTITUDEASSESSMENT METHODSATTENDANCE RATEATTENDANCE RATESAVERAGE CLASS SIZEBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC SERVICEBASIC SKILLSBOOK DISTRIBUTIONCALLCIRCUIT SUPERVISORSCLASS ACTIVITIESCLASS SIZESCLASS TIMECLASSROOMCLASSROOM ACTIVITIESCLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONCLASSROOM MANAGEMENTCLASSROOM TIMECLASSROOMSCOGNITIVE RESEARCHCURRICULACURRICULAR OBJECTIVESCURRICULUMDROPOUT RATESEARLY GRADESEDUCATION FOR ALLEDUCATION FOR ALL INITIATIVEEDUCATION INVESTMENTSEDUCATION LENDINGEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATION MINISTRIESEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTEDUCATIONAL INPUTSEDUCATIONAL POLICIESEDUCATIONAL QUALITYEDUCATIONAL RESEARCHEDUCATIONAL SERVICESEDUCATORSELEMENTARY SCHOOLSEXAMEXPANSION OF EDUCATIONEXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIESFEMALE TEACHERSFINAL EXAMINATIONSFINAL EXAMSFOREIGN LANGUAGESGIRLSGOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLSGRADE TEACHERSHEAD TEACHERSHIGHER DROPOUTHOMEWORKHOURS OF INSTRUCTIONHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINSERVICE TRAININGINSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIESINSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERYINSTRUCTIONAL EFFICIENCYINSTRUCTIONAL HOURSINSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALSINSTRUCTIONAL METHODSINSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVESINSTRUCTIONAL SETTINGSINSTRUCTIONAL TIMEINTERACTIVE INSTRUCTIONINTERACTIVE LEARNINGINTERNATIONAL STUDIESLANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONLATIN AMERICANLEARNERSLEARNINGLEARNING ACTIVITIESLEARNING MODELSLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING PROCESSESLEARNING TIMELITERACYLITERATURELOW-INCOME STUDENTSLOWER ACHIEVEMENTLOWER SECONDARYLOWER SECONDARY EDUCATIONMATHEMATICSMIDDLE EASTERNMINISTRIES OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMULTIGRADE CLASSESMULTIGRADE TEACHINGNATURAL SCIENCESNON-FORMAL EDUCATIONOPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTSOVERCROWDED CLASSESPAPERSPARENTAL INVOLVEMENTPARENTAL SUPPORTPEDAGOGYPHYSICAL EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY GRADESPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL CURRICULAPRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERSPRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIMARY-SCHOOLPRINCIPALSPRIVATE SCHOOLPRIVATE SCHOOL TEACHERSPRIVATE SCHOOLSPRIVATE TUTORINGPROFESSORSPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUPIL PERFORMANCEQUALITY EDUCATIONQUALITY OF CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRATES OF ABSENTEEISMREADINGRECURRENT EXPENDITUREREGULAR SCHOOLSREPETITIONRESEARCHERSRURAL AREASRURAL SCHOOLRURAL SCHOOLSSALARY INCREASESSCHOOL CALENDARSCHOOL CLASSROOMSSCHOOL DAYSCHOOL DAYSSCHOOL DISTRICTSSCHOOL HOURSSCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL OPERATIONSCHOOL OWNERSSCHOOL REGISTERSSCHOOL STAFFSCHOOL TIMESCHOOL VISITSCHOOL VISITSSCHOOL YEARSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENCE STUDYSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLSSERVICE TRAININGSHIFT SCHOOLSSKILLS ACQUISITIONSOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL STUDIESSTUDENT ABSENCESSTUDENT ABSENTEEISMSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ATTENDANCESTUDENT ATTENDANCE RATESSTUDENT GROUPSSTUDENT LEARNINGSTUDENT PERFORMANCESUB-SAHARAN AFRICASUBJECT AREASSUBJECT MATTERTEACHERTEACHER ABSENTEEISMTEACHER ATTRITIONTEACHER BEHAVIORTEACHER BEHAVIORSTEACHER PARTICIPATIONTEACHER QUALITYTEACHER RECRUITMENTTEACHER STRIKESTEACHER TRAININGTEACHER UNIONSTEACHERSTEACHERS UNIONSTEACHINGTEACHING ACTIVITYTEACHING AIDSTEST SCORESTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOK AVAILABILITYTEXTBOOKSTHE GAMBIATRAINEESTUITIONTUTORSTYPES OF STUDENTSUNIVERSAL PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETIONUNIVERSITY STUDENTSURBAN SCHOOLSVISITS TO SCHOOLSVOCATIONAL SKILLSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4376