Salvi Del Pero, AngelicaAfram, Gabi G.2013-04-102013-04-102012-03-19978-0-8213-9465-6https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13138The objective of the Nepal Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) is to evaluate the investment climate in Nepal in all its dimensions and promote policies to strengthen the private sector. The investment climate is made up of many dimensions that shape the opportunities for investments, employment creation, and growth of private firms. Such dimensions include factor markets, product markets, infrastructure services, and the macroeconomic, legal, regulatory, and institutional framework. The report's key finding is that while there are some niche sectors growing and expanding employment in Nepal (including tourism and certain educational and other services), there are many constraints to the investment climate in Nepal that are hindering the development and growth of the private sector. In particular, political instability, poor infrastructure, poor labor relations, poor access to finance, and declining exports plague Nepal's private sector. To overcome many of these issues and move forward, many reforms are needed. Given the extent of the challenge, effective public-private dialogue is required so that the government and the private sector can work in partnership to address these constraints. The pervasiveness and impact of political instability in Nepal makes the investment climate in the country comparable more to Afghanistan than other countries in the region or the comparator countries used in the analysis. While this comparison is unflattering, it is true. Political instability has stifled growth and limited Nepal's ability to exploit its hydropower and tourism potential. Interestingly, many firms do not perceive access to land and finance as major obstacles. This could be a reflection of lack of dynamism: Nepalese firms are simply not planning to invest, expand, and grow in their unstable and unpredictable environment. The peace dividend is not difficult to measure. As the surveys show, ending civil unrest alone would give back to enterprises 44 working days a year. The effects on economic activity, investment, growth, and job creation could be potentially huge.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOabsolute termsaccess to governmentage distributionaging populationsbasic benefitbasic needsbasic pensionbenefit levelBenefit LevelsCenter for Populationchanges in fertilityChronic Povertychronically poorConsumption povertyconsumption smoothingcontribution recordscoresidenceCultural Changedemographic changeDemographic projectionsDemographic Transitiondemographic trendsdependency ratioDependency Ratiosdeterminant of povertydeterminants of povertyDeveloping Countriesdisseminationeconomic growthEconomic TransitionElderlyElderly Householdselderly menelderly peopleelderly personselderly populationelderly womenemployment opportunitiesEmployment Statusfamily incomefamily membersfamily planningFamily Planning Commissionfamily sizeFamily Supportfarm laborfertilityFertility Policiesfertility ratefertility ratesfunded pensionsfuture generationsglobal populationgovernment pensionsgross domestic productguaranteed ratehealth carehealth insurancehigher incidence of povertyHousehold ConsumptionHousehold Headhousehold incomehousehold incomesHousehold Povertyhuman capitalHuman Developmentill healthillnessincidence of povertyincome distributionincome inequalityIncome povertyIncome QuintileIncome Riskincome shockincome supportIndividual AccountIndividual AccountsInflation Rateinformal sectorintergenerational transfersinternal migrationLabor Force Participationlabor incomelabor marketlabor marketsLabor Supplylegal statuslife expectancyliving conditionslocal capacitylocal developmentlocal economylow fertilityMale Labor ForceMigrantmigrant familymigrant workersMigrantsMigrationmortalityNational Fertilitynational levelnational pensionnational policyNutritionOld AgeOld Age SupportOld-Ageolder peoplePensionPension Benefitpension benefitspension coveragepension incomePension Indicatorspension policyPension Policy ReformPension ProgramsPension Schemepension schemesPension SystemPension Systemspensionable agePensionspersistent povertyPolicy makersPolicy ResearchPolicy Research Working Paperpolicy responsePolitical EconomyPoorPoor AreasPoor PeoplePoor Rural Householdspoorer householdsPopulation and Developmentpopulation censusPopulation CenterPopulation Growthpopulation growth ratePopulation ProjectionsPopulation ResearchPopulation Statisticspopulation structurePopulation Trendspoverty assessmentpoverty gappoverty headpoverty incidencePoverty indexpoverty levelPoverty LinePoverty MeasuresPoverty Povertypoverty ratepoverty ratespoverty severitypoverty statusPrivate Transferspublic policypublic supportreduction in povertyremittanceremittancesrespectRetirementretirement agesretirement decisionsRuralrural areasRural EconomyRural Householdrural incomesrural menrural migrantsrural peoplerural poorRural PopulationRural Population Growthrural populationsrural povertyrural residentsrural workerssafety netssavingsSocial Affairssocial assistanceSocial InsuranceSocial PensionSocial PensionsSocial Protectionsocial protection mechanismsSocial SciencesSocial Securitysocial security benefitssocial security systemsocial servicessocial supportsocial welfarespatial differencesspilloverspouseState Universitysupport fallstargetingUnited Nations Population DivisionUrban Areasurban migrationurban populationurbanizationvillage leadersVulnerabilityVulnerability to PovertyWorking-Age PopulationWorld PopulationYoung adultyoung adultsyoung peopleWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9465-6