Bethell, GeorgeHarutyunyan, Karine2015-10-082015-10-082015-07-28https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22757In order to maximize effectiveness, every national education system needs a comprehensive and coherent approach to student assessment. The systems approach for better education results (SABER) framework for student assessment identifies four key elements in this regard: classroom assessment, examinations, national large scale assessment, and international large scale assessment. Armenia has undoubtedly made significant progress in all of these areas since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The purpose of this paper is to describe Armenia’s experiences, share the lessons learned along the way, and point out the challenges that countries face in trying to ensure that their assessment systems remain fit for purpose in a changing environment.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOCHOICEȱQUESTIONSCONTINUOUSȱASSESSMENTDECISIONȱ MAKINGNATIONALȱ ASSESSMENTFORMATIVEȱ ASSESSMENTPRIVATEȱTUTORINGCOACHINGGRADUATION EXAMINATIONFEEDBACKCERTIFICATEASSESSMENTȱ AGENCYEXTENSIVEȱUSELEARNERȱACHIEVEMENTNATIONALȱ ASSESSMENTSITEMȱ BANKSCONTINUOUSȱ ASSESSMENTSUBJECT SPECIALISTSSECONDARYȱ EDUCATIONQUESTIONȱ PAPERSEXAMINATIONȱDESIGNITEMȱ RESPONSEȱ THEORYASSESSMENTȱ SYSTEMCHOICEȱITEMSLEARNINGȱ STANDARDSEXAMINATIONȱ PAPERSSCHOOLȱEXAMINATIONSENTRANCEȱ EXAMINATIONSGRADUATIONȱEXAMINATIONEXAMPROFESSIONALȱSTAFFEXAMINATIONASSESSMENTȱ FRAMEWORKSEDUCATIONȱ SYSTEMSTUDENTȱ RESPONSESEDUCATIONALȱ INSTITUTIONSINDIVIDUALȱ STUDENTSFORMATIVEȱASSESSMENTNUMBER OF CANDIDATESGOODȱEXAMINATIONREPRESENTATIVEȱSAMPLEDATAȱ ENTRYCANDIDATESCONDUCT OF EXAMINATIONSSUMMATIVEȱ ASSESSMENTNATIONALȱASSESSMENTNATIONALȱEXAMINATIONSSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTMALPRACTICEBACKWASHȱEFFECTEDUCATION SYSTEMSTATEȱSCHOOLSSELECTIONLEARNERȱ ACHIEVEMENTSCHOOLȱ EXAMINATIONSMULTIPLE-CHOICEASSESSMENTȱMETHODSELECTIVEȱ SUBJECTSPASS RATEPRACTICALȱ WORKSECONDARYȱEDUCATIONSECONDARYȱ SCHOOLCOMPREHENSIVEȱ ASSESSMENTSUMMATIVEȱASSESSMENTEQUITYWRITTENȱ TASKSSTUDENTȱACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTRELIABILITYCANDIDATEPROFESSIONALȱ STAFFASSESSMENTȱSYSTEMEXAMINATIONȱ SYSTEMFINALȱ SCORETRANSPARENCYINDEPENDENTȱ COUNTRYSCORESEDUCATIONȱSYSTEMVALIDITYTECHNICALȱ QUALITYINSTITUTIONALȱ CAPACITYHIGHȭQUALITYȱ ASSESSMENTSCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENTFOREIGNȱ LANGUAGESUBJECTȱSPECIALISTGRADUATIONȱ EXAMINATIONQUESTIONȱPAPERSSCHOOLȱ SYSTEMEXAMINATIONSEXAMINATIONȱ SECURITYGENERALȱEDUCATIONȱSYSTEMUNIVERSITYȱ PLACESSTUDENTȱASSESSMENTSUBJECTȱSPECIALISTSCOMPULSORYȱSUBJECTSASSESSMENTȱFRAMEWORKSASSESSMENTȱ METHODSITEMȱ BANKSCRIPTSTUDENTȱ PERFORMANCEBACKWASHȱ EFFECTMEASUREMENTPRIVATEȱ TUTORINGEXAMINATIONȱ QUESTIONSLEARNING STANDARDSSECONDARYȱ SCHOOLSHIGHȭQUALITYȱ EXAMINATIONSMULTIPLEȭCHOICECURRICULUMNATIONALȱCURRICULASCIENCEȱ STUDYEXAMINATION PAPERSSUBJECTȱ SPECIALISTSENTRANCEȱEXAMINATIONSEDUCATIONALȱ ASSESSMENTIRTSTUDENTȱ ACHIEVEMENTCURRICULUM DEVELOPMENTSTUDENTȱ ASSESSMENTEVALUATIONEXAMININGȱ AUTHORITIESMULTIPLEȭCHOICEȱITEMSEXAMINATIONȱ BOARDEXTERNALȱ EXAMINATIONSEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTROTEȱLEARNINGEDUCATIONALȱSTANDARDSFOREIGN LANGUAGEEXAMINATIONȱ SYSTEMSSCIENCEȱSTUDYGENERALȱ EDUCATIONȱ SYSTEMSCHOOLȱ EXAMINATIONWRITTENȱ TESTSCERTIFICATIONEDUCATIONALȱ REFORMSECONDARY EDUCATIONEXAMINATIONȱ CENTERSUNIVERSITYȱ ADMISSIONASSESSMENT SYSTEMEXAMINATION CENTERSASSESSMENTWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/22757