Buvinic, MayraDas Gupta, MonicaCasabonne, UrsulaVerwimp, Philip2013-12-022013-12-022013-02https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16326Violent conflict is a pervasive feature of the recent global landscape which has lasting impacts on human capital and these impacts are seldom gender neutral. Death and destruction alter the structure and dynamics of households, including their demographic profiles and traditional gender roles. To date, attention to the gender impacts of conflict has focused almost exclusively on sexual and gender-based violence. The authors show that a far wider set of gender issues must be considered to better document the human consequences of war and to design effective postconflict policies. The emerging empirical evidence is organized using a framework that identifies both the differential impacts of violent conflict on males and females (first-round impacts) and the role of gender inequality in framing adaptive responses to conflict (second-round impacts). War's mortality burden is disproportionately borne by males, whereas women and children constitute a majority of refugees and the displaced. Indirect war impacts on health are more equally distributed between the genders. Conflicts create households headed by widows who can be especially vulnerable to intergenerational poverty. Second-round impacts can provide opportunities for women in work and politics triggered by the absence of men. Households adapt to conflict with changes in marriage and fertility, migration, investments in children's health and schooling, and the distribution of labor between the genders. The impacts of conflict are heterogeneous and can either increase or decrease preexisting gender inequalities. Describing these gender differential effects is a first step toward developing evidence-based conflict prevention and postconflict policy.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOaccess to health careadolescentsage at marriageagedaggressiveAgricultural productionanxietyarmed conflictArmed ConflictsbabiesbattlebeatingsBulletinCapacity Buildingchances of survivalchild developmentChild Laborchild mortalityChild SurvivalchildbearingChronic Povertycivic participationcivil conflictcivil warcivil warsCommunicable Diseasesconflict preventionconflict researchconsensual unionscrimeCultural ChangedeathsDeaths of Childrendemographic changesdemographic transitiondepressiondeveloping countriesdevelopment policydisabilitydomestic abusedomestic violenceEarly Childhoodeconomic developmenteconomic opportunitieseconomic policieseconomic resourceseconomic statusEmergenciesemergency situationsEpidemiologyethnic cleansingex-combatantsexcess mortalityexposure to violencefamiliesfamily membersFamily PlanningFemale Labor Forcefertilityfertility behaviorFertility Declinefertility patternsFirst BirthFood SecurityForced Migrationgender differentialsgender equalitygender inequalitiesGender Inequalitygender issuesgenocidegirl childrenhealth carehealth consequenceshealth facilitieshealth outcomeshealth serviceshealth systemHIVhospitalhospitalshousehold incomehousehold povertyhousehold surveyshuman capitalhuman developmentHuman Rightshuman welfareImmunizationimpact of conflictincidence of povertyinfantinfant mortalityinfant mortality rateinfectious diseasesinfrastructure destructioninjuriesinterdependenceInternational BankInternational CooperationInternational Family PlanningInternational Family Planning PerspectivesInternational Journal of EpidemiologyInterventionlabor forcelabor marketlabor marketslabor supplyLabour Supplyland ownershiplarge numbers of peopleloss of landloss of menlow-income countriesmalariamale mortalitymarital fertilitymaternal mortalityMedical Servicesmentalmental healthmigrationmorbiditymortalitymortality of mennationsneonatal mortalitynumber of peoplenumber of refugeesNutritionnutritional statusobstetric fistulaolder peopleopportunities for womenorphansParentingpeaceplaces of originpolice forcepolicy discussionsPolicy ImplicationsPolicy ResearchPolicy Research Working PaperPolitical Activitypolitical participationpolygamous marriagespoor healthPopulation and DevelopmentPopulation ChangePopulation ConferencePopulation ResearchPopulation Studiespostconflict reconstructionpostconflict settingspregnancyprogressPsychiatryPublic Affairspublic healthPublic Health ProblemradiorapeReconciliationrefugeerefugee campsrefugee childrenrefugee movementsrefugee statusRefugee WomenrefugeesReligious Beliefsreligious groupsreproductive healthResearch PolicyResearch Programresource allocationreturneesrole of genderrural areasrural infrastructurerural populationrural womensanitationschool agesecondary educationsecondary schoolsecondary schoolingservice deliverySexsex ratiossexual abusesexual violencesexually transmitted infectionsskilled workerssocial networkssocial servicesspilloverspouseteenage girlsteenagerstraditional gender rolestransportationtraumaTraumatic Stress DisorderunionsUnited Nations Development Fund for WomenUnited Nations Population Divisionunwanted pregnanciesurban migrationvaccinationvicious cyclevictimsviolenceviolence against womenviolence victimsViolent ConflictVulnerabilitywarwarswartime rapeworkersworkforceWorld Health OrganizationYoung adultYoung Childrenyoung menWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6371