Sargsyan, GevorgBalabanyan, AniHankinson, Denzel2012-06-042012-06-042006978-0-8213-6589-2https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6987In the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse, Armenia, like other former Soviet republics, began to struggle with the implications of its newfound independence. In the electricity sector, this meant learning how to manage and sustain a fragment of a system that had never been designed to function as a stand-alone grid. Armenia's electricity system-and, indeed, its entire energy supply system-had been designed to operate as part of a much larger, integrated Trans-Caucasus system. Plants were built to run on fuel imported from thousands of miles away, from neighbors who, with the Soviet Union gone, could offer little certainty that such supply would continue under terms that Armenia could afford. The problems with this system began to show in 1992. The start of the war over Nagorno Karabakh, and the resulting imposition by Azerbaijan and Turkey of an economic blockade, cut off Armenia's only source of gas and oil for its thermal plants. Four years prior to that, a massive earthquake had forced a shut down of the Medzamor nuclear power plant, a source of roughly one-third of Armenia's generating capacity. Supply from a new gas pipeline, built in 1993 through neighboring Georgia, was regularly interrupted by acts of sabotage. Armenia was left to rely almost entirely on its hydropower resources, at great expense to Lake Sevan, one of the country's most precious natural resources.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGCONSOLIDATIONDEBTDISTRIBUTION COMPANIESDISTRIBUTION ENTITIESELECTRIC UTILITYELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CRISISELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTIONELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANYELECTRICITY INDUSTRYELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONELECTRICITY REFORMSELECTRICITY SALESELECTRICITY SECTORELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY THEFTEMERGING MARKETSENERGY BALANCEENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY CRISISENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY LAWENERGY POLICIESENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSIONENERGY SECTORENERGY SECTOR REFORMENERGY SUPPLYENERGY SYSTEMSEXTERNALITIESFINANCIALFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL MARKETSFINANCIAL REFORMFUELFUEL OILGAS PIPELINEGAS SUPPLYGENERATING CAPACITYGENERATIONGENERATION ASSETSGENERATION SECTORGENERATORSGRIDGRID INFRASTRUCTUREHEATINGHYDROPOWER GENERATIONILLEGAL CONNECTIONSINDEPENDENT REGULATORKILOWATT HOURLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL STATUSLITIGATIONLOW-VOLTAGEMETER READINGNATIONAL ENERGY SECURITYNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCESNUCLEAR POWEROIL EQUIVALENTPOWER CONSUMERSPOWER PLANTPOWER PLANTSPOWER SECTORPOWER SECTOR ASSETSPOWER SECTOR INVESTMENTPOWER SECTOR PRIVATIZATIONPOWER SECTOR REFORMPOWER SECTOR REFORMSPOWER SECTOR RESTRUCTURINGPOWER SHORTAGESPOWER SYSTEMPRIMARY FUELSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATIONPRIVATIZATIONPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC UTILITIESPUMPINGREGULATORSREGULATORY CHANGESREGULATORY COMMISSIONREGULATORY COMMISSIONSREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREGULATORY REFORMSRESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERSRETAIL TARIFFSSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE QUALITYSERVICE QUALITY STANDARDSSMALL HYDROPOWERSTATE UTILITYSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSUBSIDIARYTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETHERMAL PLANTSTRANSMISSIONUNBUNDLINGUTILITY BILLSWATER SECTORWATER USEWATER UTILITIESWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-6589-2