Brun, Jean PierreDubois, Pascale Helenevan der Does de Willebois, EmileHauch, JeanneJaïs, SarahMekki, YannisSotiropoulou, AnastasiaSylvester, Katherine RoseUttamchandani, Mahesh2014-10-202014-10-202015978-1-4648-0370-3https://hdl.handle.net/10986/20456Corruption and thefts of public assets harm a diffuse set of victims, weakens confidence in public institutions, damages the private investment climate, and threatens the foundations of the society as a whole. In developing countries with scarce public resources, the cost of corruption is an impediment to development: developing countries lose between US$20 to US$40 billion each year through bribery, misappropriation of funds, and other corrupt practices. Corruption is by no means a "victimless crime." This study aims to explore the standing of States and Government entities as victims and the possible recourse to private actions to redress public wrongs. States and Government entities may act as private litigants and bring civil suits to recover assets lost to corruption. The goal of this work is to promote knowledge and understanding as well as to increase the use of civil remedies and private lawsuits to recover stolen assets in the context of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) offences. The UNCAC, the global standard for the fight against corruption, does not contain a legal definition of corruption itself but lists an array of offences, including public and private sector bribery and the embezzlement of public and private sector funds. The study will mainly focus on these two types of corruption, namely bribery and embezzlement of funds. This study is not intended in any way to minimize the importance of criminal proceedings and confiscation in addressing acts of corruption. Rather, it will show that civil law remedies can effectively complement criminal penalties by attacking the economic base of corrupt activities both in the public and the private sectors. In fact, given the magnitude of the challenges, all avenues of asset recovery, be they criminal or civil, should be explored simultaneously in order to tackle corruption from each and every angle and achieve the goals of deterrence and enforcement. Hence, while criminal law expresses society's disapproval of the corrupt acts and aims at dissuasion, punishment, and confiscation of illicit proceeds, civil law focuses on victims' interests and aims at compensation and restitution. These procedures may occur sometimes in parallel, sometimes sequentially. An effective response to corruption very often requires concomitant use of both criminal and civil law remedies to achieve the desired result.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABUSEABUSESACT OF CORRUPTIONADMINISTRATIVE LAWAGENCY PROBLEMANTI-BRIBERYANTI-CORRUPTIONANTIBRIBERYANTIBRIBERY LAWSANTICORRUPTIONANTICORRUPTION AGENCIESANTICORRUPTION COMMISSIONSANTICORRUPTION LEGISLATIONASSETSAUTHORITYBANKSBEST PRACTICESBREACH OF CONTRACTBRIBEBRIBE PAYERBRIBE PAYERSBRIBERYBRIBERY CASESBRIBESBUSINESSMANCASE LAWCHAPTER 7CIVIL LAWCIVIL LAW JURISDICTIONSCIVIL LIABILITYCIVIL LITIGATIONCIVIL PROCEDURESCIVIL SOCIETYCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSCLAIMCLAIM FOR DAMAGESCLAIMANTCLAIMANTSCODESCOLLATERALCOMMON LAWCOMMON LAW COUNTRIESCOMMON LAW JURISDICTIONSCOMMON LAW SYSTEMSCOMPARATIVE LAWCOMPENSATIONCOMPENSATION OF DAMAGESCOMPLAINTSCONCEALMENT OF ASSETSCONCESSIONCONCESSIONSCONFIDENCECONFISCATION ORDERCONFISCATION ORDERSCONFLICT OF INTERESTCONTRACTUAL TERMSCOPYRIGHTCORRUPTCORRUPT ACTIONSCORRUPT ACTSCORRUPT OFFICIALCORRUPT OFFICIALSCORRUPT PRACTICESCORRUPTIONCOURT DECISIONCOURT OF APPEALSCOURT OF JUSTICECOURT PROCEEDINGSCRIMECRIME CONTROLCRIMESCRIMINALCRIMINAL ACTIONCRIMINAL ACTSCRIMINAL CODESCRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONCRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONSCRIMINAL LAWCRIMINAL LIABILITYCRIMINAL PENALTIESCRIMINAL PROCEDURECRIMINAL PROCEDURESCRIMINAL PROSECUTIONSCRIMINAL PUNISHMENTSCRIMINOLOGYCRONIESDEPOSITDIFFERENT LEGAL SYSTEMSDISCLOSURE OBLIGATIONSDOMESTIC LAWECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIMES COMMISSIONECONOMIC CRIMEECONOMIC CRIMESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEMBEZZLEMENTEQUITABLE REMEDYESTATEESTATE AGENTSEUEUROPEAN UNIONFIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTIONFINANCIAL ASSETSFINANCIAL CRIMESFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFINANCIAL MARKETFINANCIAL SERVICESFINESFOREIGN BANKFOREIGN BANK ACCOUNTFOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICESFOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACTFOREIGN COURTFOREIGN COURTSFOREIGN LAWFORFEITUREFORGERYFRAUDFRAUDULENT ACTIVITIESFRAUDULENT ACTIVITYFRAUDULENT BEHAVIORGOOD FAITHGRAND CORRUPTIONHOMEHUMAN RIGHTSIMPRISONMENTINITIATIVEINJUNCTIONSINSOLVENCYINSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGSINSURANCEINTEGRITYINTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTSINTERNATIONAL LAWINTERNATIONAL TREATIESINVESTIGATING MAGISTRATEINVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATIONSINVESTIGATORSINVESTMENT CLIMATEJUDGEJUDGESJUDGMENTJUDGMENTSJUDICIAL ACTIONJUDICIAL AUTHORITIESJURISDICTIONJURISDICTIONSJUSTICEKICKBACKSLAW FIRMLAW FIRMSLAWSLAWYERLAWYERSLEGAL ACTIONLEGAL ACTIONSLEGAL ADVICELEGAL ENTITIESLEGAL FEESLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL PERSONLEGAL PERSONSLEGAL PROCEEDINGSLEGAL PROCESSLEGAL REMEDIESLEGAL RIGHTSLEGAL SERVICESLEGAL STATUSLEGAL SYSTEMSLEGAL THEORIESLEGAL THEORYLIABILITYLITIGATIONLOCAL LAWSLOSS OF VALUEMARKET VALUEMINISTERSMISAPPROPRIATIONMONETARY SANCTIONSMONEY LAUNDERINGMULTINATIONALMUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCENATIONAL LEGISLATIONNEGLIGENCEOFFENDEROFFENSEOFFENSESORGANIZED CRIMEPARTICULAR ASSETPARTICULAR ASSETSPENALTIESPENALTYPERSONAL GAINPOLICEPOLITICIANPREFERENTIALPREFERENTIAL TREATMENTPRISONPRIVATE GAINPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE LAWYERSPRIVATE PARTIESPROCUREMENTPROCUREMENT PROCEDURESPROPERTY LAWPROPRIETARY CLAIMPROSECUTIONPROSECUTIONSPROSECUTORPROSECUTORSPUBLIC FUNDSPUBLIC OFFICIALPUBLIC OFFICIALSPUNISHMENTRACKETEERINGRECEIVERRECEIVERSHIPREMEDIESREMEDYREPATRIATIONRESTITUTION OF ASSETSRULINGSSCANDALSSETTLEMENTSPECIFIC ASSETSPECIFIC ASSETSSTEALINGTHEFTSTITLETRANSFER OF ASSETSTRANSPARENCYTRIALTRUSTEETRUSTEESUNJUST ENRICHMENTVICTIMSVIOLATIONSWIFEWILL10.1596/978-1-4648-0370-3