Nallari, RajGriffith, Breda2012-03-192012-03-192011-01-05978-0-8213-7434-4https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2256This report aims to show how macroeconomic policies create differential opportunities for women and men. This volume comprises nine chapters covering four broad themes: gender as a category of analysis in macroeconomics; the implications of gender for macroeconomic aggregates, in particular consumption and economic growth; the role of gender in the labor market, globalization, and access to credit; and gender budgeting. Chapters one and two address the first theme. Chapter one focuses on the macroeconomic cost to growth and development that arises from rigid gender roles and associated gender asymmetries. Chapter two documents the progress made in gender mainstreaming by highlighting developments in data collection and monitoring that have moved beyond simply disaggregating data by male and female. Chapters three and four cover the second theme. Chapter three considers the role of gender relations in the macroeconomic aggregates of consumption, savings, investment, and government expenditure and the implications for macroeconomic policy in these areas. Chapter four examines gender relations and economic growth. Chapters five through seven focus on the third theme. Chapter five examines the labor market. Chapter six examines how globalization affects gender relations, particularly employment. Chapter seven concentrates on women's access to finance and documents gender asymmetries in this market. Chapter eight, on the fourth theme, highlights the impact fiscal policies have on gender relations. It documents how policy can be made more gender specific and reports on the progress made by countries that have adopted gender-responsive government budgeting. Chapter nine summarizes what is known about gender and macroeconomic policy, noting areas in which the literature is well developed as well as areas that require further research and study.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO CREDITACCESS TO FINANCEACCESS TO RESOURCESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSALLOCATION OF RESOURCESBANK LOANSBIASESBIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCESBIRTHSBORROWINGCAPITAL ACCOUNTSCHILD MORTALITYCHILD MORTALITY RATESCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSCREDIT ASSOCIATIONCREDIT MARKETSDEBTDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICIESDISPARITIES BETWEEN GIRLSDISPOSABLE INCOMEDISSEMINATIONDOMESTIC VIOLENCEEARNINGSECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONECONOMIC CRISESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EMPOWERMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC RESOURCESECONOMIC ROLE OF WOMENEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESEFFECTS OF GENDEREMPLOYEREMPLOYERSEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITYEMPLOYMENT STATUSEMPOWERMENT OF WOMENENROLLMENTENTREPRENEURSEQUAL OPPORTUNITIESEQUAL PAYEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITYEXPENDITUREEXPENDITURESFAMILIESFAMILY INCOMEFAMILY WELFAREFEMALE GENITAL MUTILATIONFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONFEMALE LITERACYFEMALE POPULATIONFEMINISMFEMINISTFEMINIST ECONOMICSFEMINISTSFINANCE ACCESSFINANCIAL MARKETFINANCIAL SERVICESFISCAL POLICIESFORMAL EDUCATIONGENDERGENDER ADVISERSGENDER ANALYSISGENDER ASYMMETRIESGENDER AWARENESSGENDER BIASESGENDER BLINDGENDER BUDGETINGGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DIMENSIONSGENDER DISCRIMINATIONGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER DISPARITYGENDER DIVISION OF LABORGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITY GOALSGENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTSGENDER EQUITYGENDER GAPGENDER GAPSGENDER INDICATORSGENDER INEQUALITIESGENDER INEQUALITYGENDER ISSUESGENDER MAINSTREAMINGGENDER NEUTRALGENDER NORMSGENDER PARITYGENDER RELATIONSGENDER ROLESGENDER SENSITIVEGENDER SPECIFICGENDER STATISTICSGENDER-RELATED ISSUESGIRLSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATIOGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTHOUSEHOLD CHORESHOUSEHOLD DYNAMICSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLDSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESHUSBANDSIDSILLITERACYILLNESSIMMUNIZATIONIMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENTINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINDIVIDUAL CHOICESINFORMAL SECTORINFORMATION SERVICEINTEGRATION OF GENDERINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTSLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOUR MARKETLABOUR ORGANIZATIONLACK OF ACCESSLAND OWNERSHIPLEGAL ABORTIONSLEGAL STATUSLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFE EXPECTANCYLITERACY RATESLIVE BIRTHSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMAINSTREAMING GENDERMARKET ECONOMYMARRIED WOMENMATERNAL HEALTHMICROCREDITMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMOTHERNUTRITIONOLDER WOMENOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENPARLIAMENTARY SEATSPARTICIPATION BY WOMENPARTICIPATION IN DECISIONPERSISTENT INEQUALITIESPOINT OF DEPARTUREPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLYGAMYPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL­AGEPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPUBLIC POLICYPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYRAPEREPRODUCTIVE ROLESRESPECTROLE OF GENDERRURAL AREASSAVINGSSAVINGS RATESCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL YEARSCHOOL-AGE POPULATIONSECONDARY EDUCATIONSELF-EMPLOYMENTSEXSEX DIFFERENCESSEX DISCRIMINATIONSEX DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENSEX RATIOSEXESSEXUAL DIVISION OF LABORSEXUALITYSMALL BUSINESSESSMALL ENTERPRISESMALL ENTERPRISESSOCIAL SCIENCESSOURCES OF INCOMESTATUS OF WOMENTERTIARY EDUCATIONUNDPUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNESCOUNIFEMUNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMENUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEURBAN AREASVIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWIDWOMANWOMEN FARMERSWOMEN IN DEVELOPMENTWOMEN IN EDUCATIONWORK EXPERIENCEWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG CHILDRENYOUNG WOMENWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7434-4