World Bank2013-03-252013-03-252009-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12901The Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Study evaluates the effects of improved fuel specifications on refiningoperations and air quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The improved fuel specifications would reduce the levels of certain pollutants in fuels, in turn reducing human exposure to these pollutants in ambient air. The health study estimates the health impacts and associated monetary benefits associated with the proposed improvements in fuel quality. The estimated monetary benefits will be compared to the costs to the refining industry associated with a change in fuel specifications, by region, as presented in Volume II,the Refinery Studyen-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAIRAIR CONCENTRATIONSAIR EMISSIONSAIR POLLUTANTAIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY MODELINGAIR QUALITY RESULTINGALKYLATION UNITSAMBIENT AIRAMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONSAMBIENT AIR QUALITYAPPROACHAROMATICSASTHMA ATTACKSAVAILABILITYBENEFIT ESTIMATESBENZENEBENZENE CONTENTBENZENE EMISSIONSBENZENE EXPOSUREBUSESCAPITAL COSTSCARSCATALYTIC CONVERTERSCETANE INDEXCHRONIC BRONCHITISCLEAN AIRCLEAN AIR INITIATIVECLEAN FUELCLEAN FUELSCLEAN TRANSPORTATIONCLEANER FUELSCLIMATECOMMERCIAL TRUCKSCONCENTRATIONSCOST-BENEFITCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISCRUDE DISTILLATIONCRUDE OILDEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTSDESULFURIZATION CAPACITYDIESELDIESEL SULFURDIESEL VEHICLESDISCOUNT RATEDOMESTIC EMISSIONSDOMESTIC SOURCESDRIVERSECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC PROBLEMSECONOMIC SECTORSELASTICITIESELASTICITYEMISSIONEMISSION DATAEMISSION FACTORSEMISSION RATESEMISSIONS DATAEMISSIONS INVENTORIESEMISSIONS RESULTSENERGY DEMANDENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATIONENGINESENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONETHANOLFEEDSTOCKSFREE MARKETFUELFUEL IMPROVEMENTSFUEL PRICESFUEL PRODUCTSFUEL QUALITYFUEL SPECIFICATIONSFUEL STANDARDSFUEL SULFURFUEL SUPPLYFUEL USEFUELSGASGASOLINEGLOBAL RECESSIONGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEHEALTH EFFECTSHIGHWAYHYDROCRACKINGHYDROGENHYDROGEN PLANTIMPORTSIMPORTS OF ETHANOLINCOMEINFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITYINJURIESINJURYINSPECTIONINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINVESTMENT DECISIONSLIFE EXPECTANCYLOWER DEMANDLUBRICITYMARKET CLEARING PRICEMEDICAL TREATMENTMETEOROLOGYMONETARY BENEFITMONETARY BENEFITSMONETARY VALUATIONMONETARY VALUEMONETARY VALUESMORBIDITYMORTALITYMORTALITY RISKMOTOR VEHICLESMOTORCYCLE EMISSIONSMOTORCYCLE TRAVELMOTORCYCLE USEMOTORCYCLESNITROGENNITROGEN DIOXIDEOILOIL PRODUCERSOILSPARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERPER CAPITA INCOMEPERSONAL VEHICLESPETROLEUMPETROLEUM DEMANDPETROLEUM INDUSTRYPETROLEUM PRODUCT SUPPLYPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPOLICY MAKERSPOLLUTANT EMISSIONSPOLLUTANT REDUCTIONSPOLLUTION ABATEMENTPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION LEVELSPOPULATION DENSITYPOWERPRESENT VALUEPUBLIC HEALTHQUALITY OF TRANSPORTATIONQUANTITATIVE ANALYSISREDUCTION IN EMISSIONSREFINERYREFINERY CAPACITYREFINERY CLOSURESREFINERY FUELREFINERY OPERATIONSROADROADSSCENARIOSSTATIONARY SOURCESSULFURSULFUR CONTENTSULFUR DIOXIDESULPHURSUPPLY COSTSTOTAL CONSUMPTIONTOTAL DEMANDTOTAL EMISSIONSTRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRANSPORT FUELSTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION FUELTRANSPORTATION FUELSTYPES OF VEHICLESUNCERTAINTIESURBAN AIR QUALITYURBAN AREASURBAN TRANSPORTVEHICLEVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSION CONTROLVEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIESVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE FLEETSVEHICLE KILOMETERSVEHICLE TYPESVEHICLE USEVEHICLESWEALTHWorld Bank10.1596/12901