Waxman, AndrewHallward-Driemeier, MaryRijkers, Bob2012-03-192012-03-192011-09-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3552In a crisis, do employers place the burden of adjustment disproportionately on female employees? Relying on household and labor force data, existing studies of the distributional impact of crises have not been able to address this question. This paper uses Indonesia's census of manufacturing firms to analyze employer responses and to identify mechanisms by which gender differences in impact may arise, notably differential treatment of men and women within firms as well as gender sorting across firms that varied in their exposure to the crisis. On average, women experienced higher job losses than their male colleagues within the same firm. However, the aggregate adverse effect of such differential treatment was more than offset by women being disproportionately employed in firms hit relatively less hard by the crisis. The 0 hypothesis that there were no gender differences in wage adjustment is not rejected. Analyzing how employer characteristics impact labor market adjustment patterns contributes to the understanding of who is vulnerable in volatile times.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSENTEEISMADJUSTMENT COSTSAGGREGATE EMPLOYMENTAPPAREL INDUSTRYATTRITIONAVERAGE WAGEAVERAGE WAGESBUSINESS CYCLECOBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTIONCREATIVE DESTRUCTIONCRISESCULTURAL CHANGEDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISCRIMINATIONEARNINGS REGRESSIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC SHOCKSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEMPLOYEEEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICSEMPLOYMENT EFFECTSEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT IMPACTEMPLOYMENT INFORMATIONEMPLOYMENT OF WOMENEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESEMPLOYMENT PATTERNSEMPLOYMENT PROSPECTSEMPLOYMENT RATESENTRY RATEFEMALEFEMALE EMPLOYEESFEMALE EMPLOYMENTFEMALE LABORFEMALE WORKERSFEMINISTFEMINIST ECONOMICSFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFIRM EXITFIRM GROWTHFIRM LEVELFIRM PERFORMANCEFIRM SIZEFIRM SURVIVALFIRM-LEVEL ANALYSISFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN-OWNED FIRMSGENDERGENDER ACTIONGENDER BIASGENDER COMPOSITIONGENDER DIFFERENCEGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DIMENSIONSGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUITYGENDER GAPGENDER IMBALANCESGENDER IMPACTGENDER IMPLICATIONSGENDER INEQUALITYGENDER NEUTRALGENDER NORMSGENDER PERSPECTIVESGENDER SEGREGATIONGENDER SPECIFICGENDER WAGE GAPSGIRLSGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTHOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINDUSTRIALIZATIONINEQUALITYINTENSIVE INDUSTRIESINTEREST RATESINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEINTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATIONJOB CREATIONJOB DESTRUCTIONJOB LOSSESJOBSLABOR ADJUSTMENTLABOR DEMANDLABOR DISPUTESLABOR ECONOMICSLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR LAWSLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENTLABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITYLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKETSLABOR REGULATIONLABOR SUPPLYLABOURLABOUR DEMANDLABOUR MARKETLABOUR MARKETSLAYOFFSLIVING STANDARDSMALE COUNTERPARTSMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDSMALE WORKERSMANUFACTURING WAGESMATERNITY LEAVEMINIMUM WAGEMINIMUM WAGESMULTI-PLANT FIRMSNATIONAL GOVERNMENTNET EMPLOYMENTNET JOB CREATIONNET JOB LOSSESNUMBER OF PEOPLENUTRITIONOCCUPATIONOCCUPATIONSOWNERSHIP STRUCTUREPOLICY BRIEFPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY REGIMEPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH REPORT ON GENDERPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROPORTION OF WOMENPUBLIC SECTOR DOWNSIZINGRADIOREAL WAGEREAL WAGESRISK SHARINGROLE OF GENDERSEXSKILLED EMPLOYEESSMALL MANUFACTURINGSTATE-OWNED ENTERPRISESSTATUS OF WOMENSURVIVAL ANALYSISTELEVISIONTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTOTAL WAGETRADE LIBERALIZATIONUNDPUNITED NATIONSUNPAID FAMILY WORKERSUNPAID WORKERSURBAN AREASURBAN MIGRATIONVULNERABILITYWAGE ADJUSTMENTWAGE BILLWAGE DATAWAGE DIFFERENCESWAGE EFFECTSWAGE GAPWAGE GROWTHWAGE LOSSESWAGE POLICIESWAGE RIGIDITIESWHITE COLLAR WORKERSWILLWOMEN EMPLOYEESWOMEN WORKERSWORKERWORKER HETEROGENEITYWORKERSWORKFORCEWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5789