Palacios-Lopez, AmparoLópez, Ramón2015-07-162015-07-162015-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22175This paper hypothesizes that labor and credit market imperfections—by discouraging off-farm income-generating activities and restricting access to inputs, respectively—affect female farm productivity more deeply than male productivity. The paper develops a theoretical model that decomposes the contribution of various market imperfections to the gender productivity gap. The paper shows empirically that agricultural labor productivity is on average 44 percent lower on plots managed by female heads of household than on those managed by male heads. Thirty-four percent of this gap is explained by differences in labor market access and 29 percent by differences in credit access.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOLIVING STANDARDSEMPLOYMENTHOUSEHOLD SURVEYRIGHTSGENDER SPECIFICPRODUCTIVITY EFFECTSWAGE GAPPRODUCTIONMALE COUNTERPARTINCOMEOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMENWAGE DISCRIMINATIONLABOR ALLOCATIONUNITED NATIONSRURAL LABOR MARKETSINFORMATIONSERVICESDISCRIMINATIONELASTICITYPOLITICAL ECONOMYEFFECTSLABOR ECONOMICSRURAL LABORHUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTFACTORS OF PRODUCTIONPROJECTMARGINAL PRODUCTIVITYFEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDSGENDER DISPARITYBUDGETEFFICIENCY WAGESGENDER DIMENSIONSPRESENT VALUEHUMAN RESOURCELABOR MARKETGENDER GAPDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSLABOR PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITYTRANSFERSHOUSEHOLD COMPOSITIONMARKETSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEORGANIZATIONSGENDER INEQUALITIESGENDER SENSITIVITYSTANDARDSLABORADULT MALEUTILITYMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDSCHILD CAREEFFICIENCYFEMALE LABORDESIGNRESOURCESUNEMPLOYMENTPREVAILING MARKET WAGEFEMALE HEADSLABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATIONPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHCONSUMPTIONCAPITALWAGESPOLICIESGENDER DIFFERENCESPRODUCTIVITY EFFECTMARKET FAILURESDESCRIPTIONPARTICIPATIONWAGE INEQUALITYVALUEGENDERFAMILY LABORRURAL POVERTYWORKING CAPITALHOUSEHOLDECONOMIC EFFICIENCYLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESCOSTWAGE RATEROLE OF WOMENHOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSTRANSACTION COSTSMARKETACCESS TO MARKETSRURAL EMPLOYMENTLABOUR PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTIONECONOMICSPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONMANAGEMENTPRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTWOMEN FARMERSSTATELANDPARTICIPATION OF WOMENTHEORYSECURITYFEMALESINVESTMENTRISKHUMAN RESOURCESHOUSEHOLDSGENDER ANALYSISEQUALITYPRODUCTIVITY GAPALLOCATIONIMMIGRATIONLABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONSSUPPLYPRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONSWAGE DIFFERENTIALSLABOR SUPPLYPROFITBORROWINGWOMEN IN AGRICULTUREINTERVENTIONSMARRIED WOMENCOMMUNITYGENDER DISCRIMINATIONHOUSEHOLD WORKWOMENLABOURLABOR MARKETSOUTCOMESFEMALESERVICEWAGE EMPLOYMENTPRICESMARKET WAGEGENDER EQUALITYINEQUALITYWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-7300