King, ElizabethRogers, Halsey2014-12-082014-12-082014-11-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/20662Cognitive ability, as measured by IQ and background factors such as socioeconomic status and demographics have historically been seen as the principal determinants of a student s academic success. However, a growing body of research from psychology, education, behavioral economics and neuroscience is showing that personality traits also predict academic and work performance. This change in paradigm suggests that education systems face a more complex challenge than traditionally recognized: to work not only with the different types of intelligence possessed by students but also with their different personality traits in order to produce academic success measured by cognitive and non-cognitive skills. This paper reviews the research findings from the different literatures (psychology, education, behavioral economics, and neuroscience) that relate to these questions. Several good reviews summarize the findings on aspects of these questions, but rarely address all of the questions above. In particular, those reviews do not shed light on how education can improve both cognitive and non-cognitive skills and how such skills promote creativity and labor market outcomes. The scientific literatures on human intelligence and personality are large, but our focus is on the subset of research findings that relate intelligence and personality to academic performance. Likewise, the literature on creativity, innovation, and productivity is extensive, but our focus will be on the research findings that relate academic performance to creativity and, ultimately, to productivity in the workplace.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABILITY OF CHILDRENACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTACADEMIC EXCELLENCEACADEMIC OUTCOMESACADEMIC PERFORMANCEACADEMIC SUCCESSACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATIONACHIEVEMENT TESTSACHIEVEMENTSACQUISITION OF SKILLSADOLESCENTSADULT BASIC SKILLSADULT LITERACYADULTSAGE GROUPSATTENTIONAVERAGE SCOREBASIC SKILLSBEHAVIORAL PROBLEMSCALLCAREERCAREER CHOICESCAREER COUNSELINGCAREERSCLASSROOMCLASSROOMSCOGNITIONCOGNITIVE ABILITYCOGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENTCOGNITIVE OUTCOMESCOGNITIVE PERFORMANCECOGNITIVE PROCESSESCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOGNITIVE TESTCOGNITIVE TESTSCOLLEGE GRADUATESCOLLEGE STUDENTSCOLLEGESCOMPETENCIESCOMPETITION FOR ENTRYCONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDINGCONFORMITYCREATIVE THINKINGCREATIVITYCULTURAL VALUESCURRICULUMDECISION MAKINGDIPLOMASDISADVANTAGED CHILDRENDISCIPLINESEARLY CHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION EXPENDITURESEDUCATION EXPERIENCEEDUCATION OUTCOMESEDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION STRATEGYEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTEDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURESEDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCEEDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONEDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONSEDUCATIONAL LEVELSEDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCEEDUCATIONAL POLICIESEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMEDUCATIONAL SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYEDUCATORSEFFECTS OF EDUCATIONELEMENTARY SCHOOLEMOTIONEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT GROWTHENROLLMENTENTRANCE EXAMENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIESENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLSENTREPRENEURSHIPEXAMEXAM SUCCESSEXAMINATION PROCESSEXPENDITURESFACULTIESFINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTSFREE FLOW OF IDEASGENDERGENDER EQUITYGENERAL EDUCATIONGLOBAL COMPETITIVENESSGLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS REPORTGRADE REPETITIONHABITSHAPPY EDUCATIONHIGH ACHIEVEMENTHIGH SCHOOLHIGH SCHOOL GRADUATESHIGH SCHOOL STUDENTSHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER INCOMESHIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONHIGHER PRODUCTIVITYHOMEWORKHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCESIMAGINATIONIMPACT OF EDUCATIONINDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICSINTELLIGENCEINTERVENTIONSJOB SATISFACTIONKNOWLEDGE BASELABOR FORCELABOR MARKETSLEADERSHIPLEARNERSLEARNINGLEARNING ASSESSMENTSLEARNING ENVIRONMENTLEARNING OPPORTUNITIESLEARNING POLICIESLEARNING PROCESSLETLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFELONG LEARNINGLIFELONG LEARNING OPPORTUNITIESLITERACYLITERATURELOW-INCOME STUDENTSMATH SKILLSMIDDLE SCHOOLSMOTIVATIONNATIONAL EDUCATIONNATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEMSNUMERACYOUTCOMES OF EDUCATIONPARENTAL EDUCATIONPERFORMANCE AT SCHOOLPERSONALITYPERSONALITY ASSESSMENTPERSONALITY TRAITSPOST-SECONDARY EDUCATIONPRESCHOOL CHILDRENPRIMARY GRADESPRIMARY LEVELPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY-SCHOOLPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE SCHOOLINGPRIVATE TUTORINGPROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLSPROFICIENCYPSYCHOLOGYREADINGREPETITIONRESEARCH COLLABORATIONRESEARCH FINDINGSRESEARCH INSTITUTESRESEARCH LITERATURERESEARCHERSSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL AUTONOMYSCHOOL CURRICULUMSCHOOL DAYSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL PROGRAMSCHOOL RECORDSSCHOOL SYSTEMSSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENCE STUDYSECONDARY SCHOOLSKILL DEVELOPMENTSKILLED WORKERSSKILLED WORKFORCESKILLS ACQUISITIONSOCIAL ATTITUDESSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL GROUPSSPORTSSTREAMINGSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSSTUDENT PERFORMANCETEACHERTEACHER EDUCATIONTEACHER INCENTIVESTEACHER TRAININGTEACHERSTEACHINGTECHNICAL EDUCATIONTECHNICAL SKILLSTERMS OF STUDENT PERFORMANCETERTIARY INSTITUTIONSTERTIARY LEVELTEST SCORESTHOUGHTSTUTORINGUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY ADMISSIONSUNIVERSITY DEGREEUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITY ENTRANCEUNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONSUNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMSUNIVERSITY LEVELVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONWORKERSYOUTH10.1596/20662