Barnes, Douglas F.Khandker, Shahidur R.Samad, Hussain A.2012-03-192012-03-192010-06-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3818Access to energy, especially modern sources, is a key to any development initiative. Based on cross-section data from a 2004 survey of some 2,300 households in rural Bangladesh, this paper studies the welfare impacts of household energy use, including that of modern energy, and estimates the household minimum energy requirement that could be used as a basis for an energy poverty line. The paper finds that although the use of both traditional (biomass energy burned in conventional stoves) and modern (electricity and kerosene) sources improves household consumption and income, the return on modern sources is 20 to 25 times higher than that on traditional sources. In addition, after comparing alternate measures of the energy poverty line, the paper finds that some 58 percent of rural households in Bangladesh are energy poor, compared with 45 percent that are income poor. The findings suggest that growth in electrification and adoption of efficient cooking stoves for biomass use can lower energy poverty in a climate-friendly way by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing energy poverty helps reduce income poverty as well.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO ELECTRICITYACCESS TO ENERGYACCESS TO LIGHTINGAGRICULTURAL RESIDUEAGRICULTURAL WASTEAIRAIR CONDITIONERSAIR POLLUTIONALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGYAPPROACHATMOSPHEREAVAILABILITYBALANCEBASIC ENERGYBASIC LIGHTINGBIOGASBIOMASSBIOMASS BURNINGBIOMASS CONSUMPTIONBIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS FUELSBIOMASS USEBIOMASS USINGBURNING BIOMASSCARBONCARBON CREDITSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON EMISSIONCARBON EMISSIONSCHANGES IN ENERGY CONSUMPTIONCHEAPER ENERGYCLEANER ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATESCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCOCO2COMBUSTIONCONSUMPTION OF ENERGYCOOKINGCOOLINGCOST OF ENERGYCROP RESIDUECROP RESIDUESDELIVERY OF ENERGYDELIVERY OF ENERGY SERVICESDEMAND FOR ELECTRICITYDEMAND FOR ENERGYDEMAND FOR ENERGY SERVICESDIESELDOMINANT ENERGY SOURCEDUSTELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY TARIFFELECTRICITY USEELECTRIFICATIONEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION SAVINGSEMPLOYMENTEND USEEND-USEEND-USE ENERGYEND-USE ENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY ECONOMICSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EXPENDITUREENERGY EXPENDITURESENERGY FORMENERGY INTENSIVEENERGY MIXENERGY NEEDSENERGY POLICIESENERGY POLICYENERGY PRICEENERGY PRICESENERGY PRICINGENERGY REQUIREMENTENERGY REQUIREMENTSENERGY RESEARCHENERGY SERVICEENERGY SOURCEENERGY SOURCESENERGY STRATEGYENERGY USEENERGY USE PATTERNENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL USEGASEOUS FUELSGENERATIONGHGGREEN HOUSE GASESGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONGREENHOUSE GASESGREENHOUSE-GASGRID CONNECTIONGRID ELECTRICITYHEALTH HAZARDHEATHEAT ENERGYHOT WATERHOUSEHOLD APPLIANCESHOUSEHOLD ENERGYIMPACT ON ENERGY DEMANDINCOMEINCREASE IN ENERGY DEMANDIRONKEROSENEKEROSENE CONSUMPTIONKEROSENE USEKEROSENE WICKLEVELS OF ENERGY DEMANDLIGHTNINGLIQUID FUELSMETHANEMODERN FUELSNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCESPAINTSPER CAPITA ENERGYPER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTIONPOWERPPPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICES OF ENERGYQUALITY ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGYRURAL ELECTRICRURAL ELECTRIFICATIONRURAL ENERGYRURAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENTRURAL ENERGY USESOURCE OF ENERGYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTINTOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONTRADITIONAL BIOMASSTRADITIONAL FUELSTYPES OF ENERGYTYPES OF ENERGY SOURCESTYPES OF FUELSVALUE OF ENERGYVERTICAL AXISWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5332