World BankGlobal Environment Facility2014-09-112014-09-112014-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/20084The report focuses on the two decades of the World Bank - Global Environment Facility (GEF) partnership with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. This partnership has had a global environmental impact by working both at the local and national level and engaging all relevant partners and stakeholders. In addition, many GEF financed operations stand as examples of what a more holistic approach can achieve in terms of innovation and catalyzing greater investment. These operations have also delivered important social benefits such as job creation, enhanced economic and social inclusion, and strengthened governance capabilities. Presently the region s most pressing environmental challenges stem from rapid urbanization and its resulting infrastructure needs, industrial pollution, overexploitation of scarce water resources, the unsustainable management of fragile ecosystem resources and vulnerability to climate variability and climate change. Decision makers working to address these problems also face many tightly linked and urgent social issues. These issues include meeting the aspirations of a quickly growing urban youth population; giving voice to gender and women s issues; finding ways to spur job growth; and reversing the poor provision of basic services. This publication also points to opportunities for further World Bank - GEF cooperation in support of green growth.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO ELECTRICITYACCESS TO ENERGYACCESS TO ENERGY SERVICESADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGEAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITYAGRICULTUREANIMAL FEEDINGAPPROACHARABLE LANDARCHEOLOGICAL SITESAVAILABILITYBARLEYBAYBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIODIVERSITY PROTECTIONBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYBIOMASSBIOSPHEREBIRDSCANCERCARBONCARBON CONTENTCARBON ECONOMYCARBON FOOTPRINTCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCHEMICALSCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN TECHNOLOGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE SCENARIOSCLIMATIC CHANGESCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCO2COASTCOASTAL AREASCOASTAL HABITATSCOASTAL ZONECOASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENTCOASTAL ZONESCOMMERCIAL ENERGYCOMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCYCOMPOSTINGCONSERVATIONCONSTRUCTIONCROPSCURRENTSDESALINATIONDESALINATION PLANTSDESERTSDISCHARGEDROUGHTDUMPSECOLOGICAL INTEGRITYECOLOGICAL SYSTEMSECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMICSECONOMIES OF SCALEECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEMSEFFICIENT USEELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY SUPPLYEMISSIONSEMISSIONS REDUCTIONENDEMIC SPECIESENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY GENERATIONENERGY INTENSITYENERGY PRODUCTIONENERGY SECURITYENERGY SERVICEENERGY SOURCESENERGY TECHNOLOGIESENERGY USEENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGESENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITYENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL STRESSENVIRONMENTSEROSIONEXPLOITATIONFISHERIESFISHINGFOOD CHAINFORESTFORESTRYFORESTSFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFRESHWATERFRESHWATER WETLANDSFRUITSGASGAS RESERVESGAS TURBINEGEOTHERMAL POWERGHGGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSGRASSLANDSGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE-GASHAZARDOUS WASTEHEATHIGHLANDSHUMAN ACTIVITIESHUMAN HEALTHHUMID ZONESIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEINCOMEINDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINVASIVE SPECIESINVESTMENTS IN ENERGYLAKESLAND DEGRADATIONLAND MANAGEMENTLIVING STANDARDSLOSS OF BIODIVERSITYLOW-CARBONMANGROVESMARINE ECOSYSTEMSMARINE ENVIRONMENTMARINE ENVIRONMENTSMARINE RESOURCESMITIGATIONMOUNTAINSNATIONAL PARKSNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL ECOSYSTEMSNATURAL ENVIRONMENTNATURAL GASNATURAL HERITAGENATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE IMPACTSOILOIL PRODUCTIONOIL RESERVESORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC POLLUTANTSOVERGRAZINGPCBPESTICIDESPLOTSPOLLUTANTSPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLSPOPULATION GROWTHPOWER BLOCKPOWER GENERATIONPOWER GENERATION PROGRAMPOWER PLANTPOWER PLANTSPOWER PROJECTPRECIPITATIONPRESERVATIONPRODUCTION COSTSPUBLIC HEALTHRAINRAINFALLRAW MATERIALREFINERIESRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY MARKETRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCESRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESTORATIONRIVERRURAL ELECTRIFICATIONSALT MARSHESSANDSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGESEA LEVEL RISESEDIMENTSOIL CARBONSOLAR ENERGYSOLAR POWERSOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RESOURCESSOLAR THERMALSOLAR WATER HEATINGSPECIESSTEAM TURBINESTEAM TURBINESSURFACE WATERSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYSUSTAINABLE GROWTHSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTSUSTAINABLE USETECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETEMPERATURETHERMAL ENERGYTHERMAL PLANTTINTOXIC SUBSTANCESTRANSPORT SECTORUNDERGROUND WATERUNEMPLOYMENTWASTE MANAGEMENTWASTEWATER TREATMENTWATERSHEDWATERWAYSWEATHER PATTERNSWETLANDWETLAND RESERVEWETLANDSWETLANDS MANAGEMENTWINDWIND POWER10.1596/20084