Kamata, TakuyaReichert, JamesTsevegmid, TumentsogtKim, YoonheeSedgewick, Brett2012-03-192012-03-192010978-0-8213-8314-8https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2464The sustainable development of ger areas in Ulaanbaatar (UB), the capital city of Mongolia, is one of the critical development issues facing the country. The transitions to a market economy and a series of severe winters (called zud) have resulted in the large-scale migration of low-income families into the ger areas of UB. The city represents 40 percent of the nation's population and generates more than 60 percent of Mongolia's gross domestic product (GDP). This migration pattern has led to an unprecedented expansion of the ger areas. The traditional built-up areas of the city center comprise some 130 kCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS ROADSACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONACCESSIBILITYADBAIRAIR POLLUTIONAPARTMENTAPARTMENT BUILDINGAPARTMENT BUILDINGSAPARTMENT RESIDENTSAPARTMENT UNITSAPARTMENTSBANKING SECTORBANKSBUSBUS STOPBUS TERMINALBUSESCAPITAL COSTSCARCARSCITIESCITY PLANNINGCIVIL SERVICECLEANER FUELSCLINICSCOLLECTION SERVICESCOLLECTIVE HOUSINGCOMMUNITIESCOMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURECOUNTRYSIDECRIMEDEFICITSDESCRIPTIONDISTRICT GOVERNMENTSDISTRICTSDRAINAGEDWELLINGDWELLINGSELECTRICITYEMPLOYMENTENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSFARESFEMALEFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCING SOURCESFUELGARBAGE COLLECTIONGREENHOUSE GASGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEALTH CARE FACILITIESHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH SERVICESHOME OWNERSHOMESHOSPITALSHOUSEHOLDSHOUSESHOUSINGHOUSING CONDITIONSHOUSING CONSTRUCTIONHOUSING DEVELOPMENTHOUSING DEVELOPMENTSHOUSING FINANCEHOUSING PRICESHOUSING UNITSHYGIENEILLEGAL SETTLEMENTSINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINFORMAL HOUSINGINFORMAL SETTLEMENTSLAND MANAGEMENTLAND OWNERSHIPLAND TENURELAND TRANSACTIONSLAND USELAND VALUELAWSLEGAL FRAMEWORKLICENSESLIQUID ASSETSLIVING CONDITIONSLOCAL GOVERNMENTLOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSMAINTENANCE COSTSMIGRATIONMORTGAGE LENDINGMORTGAGE LOANSMORTGAGESMUNICIPAL FINANCEMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTSNATURAL RESOURCESNEIGHBORHOODNEIGHBORHOODSNOW ACCOUNTSO&MPASSENGERSPENSIONSPERSONAL SAVINGSPOPULATION DENSITYPRIVATE LANDPRIVATE OWNERSHIPPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE VEHICLESPRIVATE WATER SUPPLYPUBLICPUBLIC CONSULTATIONPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC PARKSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONRAILROADSREAL ESTATERENTAL HOUSINGREPAIRRESIDENCESRESIDENTIAL AREASROADROAD CONDITIONSROAD IMPROVEMENTROAD IMPROVEMENTSROAD MAINTENANCEROADSRURAL AREASSANITATIONSAVINGSSETTLEMENTSEWAGESEWERAGE SERVICESSITE DEVELOPMENTSMART GROWTHSOCIAL INTEGRATIONSOCIAL SERVICESSOLID WASTE COLLECTIONSOLID WASTE SERVICESTREET LIGHTINGSTREET LIGHTSSTREETSSUBSIDIARYTAXTAX COLLECTIONTAXATIONTAXISTENTSTRAFFICTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC SAFETYTRANSPORTTRANSPORTATION CORRIDORSTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRUCKSURBAN AREAURBAN AREASURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN EXPANSIONURBAN PLANNINGURBAN SERVICESURBANIZATIONUTILITIESVEHICLEVEHICLESVILLAGESWAGESWATER SUPPLYWATER SUPPLY SYSTEMSWEALTHYOUTHYOUTH CENTERSZONINGWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-8314-8