Mu, YanBrixi, HanaTarga, BeatriceHipgrave, David2012-03-192012-03-192011-01-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3303Achieving the objective of China's current health system reform, namely equitable improvements in health outcomes, will be difficult not least because of the continuously growing income disparities in the country. The analysis in this paper shows that since 2000, disparity in selected health outcomes has been declining across provinces, largely due to earmarked central government allocations. By contrast, public expenditure on health is increasingly regressive (positively correlated with local income per capita) across provinces, and across prefectures and lower levels within provinces. The increasing inequity in public expenditure at sub-national levels indicates that incentives, responsibilities, and resources at sub-national levels are not well aligned with China's national priorities. To address the weaknesses in equity and efficiency that characterize China's health system and health outcomes, China's health system reform may require complementary reforms to improve governance for public service delivery across sectors.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGBASIC EDUCATIONBREAST CANCERCATASTROPHIC HEALTH EXPENDITURECATASTROPHIC HEALTH SPENDINGCENTRAL BUDGETCENTRAL GOVERNMENT SPENDINGCHILD HEALTHCHILD MORTALITYCHILD MORTALITY RATESCHILD SURVIVALCITIESCITIZENCITIZENSCOST-EFFECTIVENESSCULTURAL CHANGEDEATHSDELIVERY OF HEALTH CAREDETERMINANTS OF HEALTHDEVELOPMENT POLICYDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDOCTORSDRINKING WATERDRUGSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC PERFORMANCEENFORCEMENT OF LAWSEPIDEMIOLOGYEQUALIZATIONESSENTIAL MEDICINESESSENTIAL SOCIAL SERVICESFAMILY MEMBERSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFISCAL DECENTRALIZATIONFOLIC ACIDGENERAL PRACTITIONERSGOVERNMENT AGENCIESGOVERNMENT INITIATIVESGOVERNMENT SPENDINGHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH DATAHEALTH ECONOMICSHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EXPENDITUREHEALTH EXPENDITURE PER CAPITAHEALTH EXPENDITURESHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH FINANCINGHEALTH FUNDINGHEALTH INDICATORSHEALTH INITIATIVESHEALTH INTERVENTIONSHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH REFORMHEALTH RESOURCESHEALTH SECTORHEALTH SECTOR REFORMHEALTH SERVICEHEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATIONHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SPENDINGHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTH SYSTEM PERFORMANCEHEALTH SYSTEM REFORMHEALTH SYSTEM STRENGTHENINGHEPATITIS BHOSPITALHOSPITALIZATIONHOSPITALSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSINGHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESILLNESSESIMMUNIZATIONIMPROVEMENTS IN MORTALITYINCENTIVE STRUCTURESINCOME COUNTRIESINCOME HOUSEHOLDSINCOME POPULATIONINEQUITIESINEQUITY IN HEALTHINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATEINFANT MORTALITY RATESINFLATIONINPATIENT CAREINSURANCEINSURANCE SCHEMESINTERVENTIONJOURNAL OF MEDICINELAWSLIVE BIRTHSLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOW INCOMEMACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCEMATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY RATEMATERNAL MORTALITY RATIOMATERNAL MORTALITY RATIOSMEDICAL BILLSMEDICAL EQUIPMENTMEDICAL INSURANCEMEDICINESMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF HEALTHMORTALITYMUNICIPALITIESNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTNATIONAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSNATIONAL HEALTHNATIONAL HEALTH SERVICENATIONAL HEALTH SERVICESNATIONAL INITIATIVESNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL LEVELSNATIONAL POLICIESNATIONAL POLICYNATIONAL PRIORITIESNEWBORNNURSESOLD-AGEOUTPATIENT CAREPATIENTPATIENTSPENSIONSPOCKET PAYMENTPOCKET PAYMENTSPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOPULATION GROUPSPRIMARY CAREPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEMPROGRESSPROVIDER PAYMENTPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTSPUBLICPUBLIC DEBATEPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMSPUBLIC HEALTH SPENDINGPUBLIC HOSPITALSPUBLIC RESOURCESPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERYPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGQUALITY OF CARERESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE ALLOCATIONSRESPECTROADSRURAL AREASRURAL COUNTIESRURAL HEALTH CARERURAL RESIDENTSRURAL WOMENSAFE MOTHERHOODSAFE WATERSANITATIONSCREENINGSERVICE DELIVERYSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE PROVISIONSERVICE UTILIZATIONSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PROGRESSSOCIAL SECTORSOCIAL SECTORSSOCIAL SERVICESTREASURYUNDER-FIVE MORTALITYUNFPAUNIVERSAL ACCESSURBAN AREASURBAN COMMUNITYURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN INFRASTRUCTUREURBAN SERVICESVACCINATIONWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG CHILDWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5530