Larson, Donald F.Nash, John2012-03-192012-03-192010-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3745Lessons from six case studies illustrate the complex relationships between international trade, vulnerable ecologies and the poor. The studies, taken from Africa, Asia and Latin America and conducted by local researchers, are set in places where the poor live in close proximity to ecologies that are important to global conservation efforts, and focus on the cascading consequences of trade policy for local livelihoods and environmental services. Collectively, the studies show how under-valued common resources are often poorly protected and consequently subject to shifting economic incentives, including those that arise from trade. The studies provide examples where trade works to accelerate the use of natural resources and to exacerbate unsustainable dependencies by the poor, and other examples where trade has the opposite effect. An important conclusion is that local livelihood and technology choices have important consequences for how environmental resources are used and should be taken into account when designing policies to safeguard fragile ecologies.CC BY 3.0 IGOADVERSE EFFECTSAGRICULTUREAIR POLLUTIONASSETSBENEFITSBIODIVERSITYCAPITAL GOODSCASH CROPSCLEAN WATERCOLLECTIVE ACTIONCOMMODITYCOMMODITY PRICESCOMMON PROPERTYCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIONCOMPLEX TASKCOMPOSTCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKCONSUMER GOODSCONSUMERSCONTRACTINGCREDITCRISESCRITERIADEFORESTATIONDEMOGRAPHICDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT AGENCYDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDISSEMINATION OF INFORMATIONDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC MARKETSDOMESTIC PRICEDOMESTIC PRICESDRINKING WATERDRIVERSDUMPINGECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECOLOGYECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC BENEFITSECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC CONSEQUENCESECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INCENTIVESECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC THEORYECONOMICSECONOMIESEFFICIENCYEMERGING MARKETSEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENFORCEMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETSENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDSENVIRONMENTSEQUILIBRIUMEXCHANGEEXCHANGE RATEEXPLOITATIONEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT PROCESSING ZONEEXPORTSEXTERNAL TRADEEXTERNALITIESEXTERNALITYFAILURESFARMSFERTILITYFINANCEFINANCIAL SUPPORTFISHFISHERIESFISHINGFISHING NETSFOREIGN CURRENCYFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREST COVERFORESTRYFREE GOODSFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTSFUTUREGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGLOBAL CLIMATEGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL MARKETSGOVERNANCEGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN POPULATIONIMPORT BARRIERSINCENTIVE STRUCTUREINCOMEINCOMESINFLUENCEINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINNOVATIONINPUTSINSTITUTION BUILDINGINSURANCEINTERESTINTERNAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINVESTMENTINVESTMENTSKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE BASELABORLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOBILITYLABOR RESOURCESLANDLAND DEGRADATIONLAND RESOURCESLANDLESS LABORERSLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORKSLIFE EXPECTANCYLITERACY RATESLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL INSTITUTIONSLOCAL POPULATIONMARKET ECONOMYMIGRANTMIGRATIONMONITORINGMONITORING COSTSNATIONAL POLICIESNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNATURE RESERVENEGATIVE EXTERNALITIESNEW MARKETSOPEN ECONOMYOPEN MARKETSOPPORTUNITY COSTORGANIZATIONSOUTCOMESOUTPUTPASTURESPAYMENTSPOLICY CHANGEPOLICY DECISIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTIONPOPULATION GROWTHPOSITIVE EXTERNALITIESPRICEPRICE POLICIESPRICESPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE MARKETPRIVATE PROPERTYPRODUCERSPRODUCTIONPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGYPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROPERTYPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC DEBATEPUBLIC GOODSPURCHASING POWERRAPID ECONOMIC GROWTHRAPID GROWTHRATE OF GROWTHREGIONAL TRADEREGULATORREGULATORY REGIMESREGULATORY REQUIREMENTSREGULATORY RESTRICTIONSREMOTE AREASRENEWABLE RESOURCESRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE USERESOURCESRISKRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL POVERTYSAFE DRINKING WATERSAFETYSAFETY NETSSHARESMALLHOLDERSSOCIAL COHESIONSPECIESSTATE GOVERNMENTSSTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTSUBSIDIESSUPPLYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTARIFF BARRIERSTARIFFSTAXESTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTHEORETICAL MODELSTHEORYTRADETRADE BARRIERSTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE REFORMSTRADITIONAL PRACTICESTRAGEDY OF THE COMMONSTRAININGTRANSITION ECONOMIESUNEMPLOYMENTUNSKILLED LABORVALUEVALUE ADDEDVARIABLE COSTSWAGESWATER POLLUTIONWATER SUPPLIESWEALTHWELFAREWELFARE EFFECTSWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5258