World Bank2012-06-132012-06-132007-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7933This paper, prepared in response to the Chinese government's request, examines the institutional and financial arrangements under which the expansion of the Chinese expressway network has taken place. China's outstanding achievements in economic growth and poverty reduction over the last fifteen years have been well documented. The major emphasis has been on the development of its infrastructure, particularly transport. All modes of transport have seen their networks expanded, to provide the infrastructure needed to support the broader development goals. Road transport is vitally important and, among the surface modes, has seen its share grow over the last ten years from 45 percent to 60 percent in terms of passenger-km and from 24 percent to 30 percent in terms of freight ton-km. The road transport system has contributed greatly to china's continuing economic and social development. The expansion of the road network during the last 20 years was made possible by rapid increases in public funding. Since 1990, the overall average growth in the Chinese road assets has exceeded the overall growth in its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has helped to close the 'infrastructure gap' that existed at the beginning of the period.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESSIBILITYACCIDENT RATESACCIDENTSAIRAIRPORTALTERNATIVE ROUTESASSET BASEASSET MANAGEMENTAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE INDUSTRYAXLE LOADAXLE LOADSAXLESBRIDGEBRIDGESBYPASSESCAPITAL INVESTMENTCARCAR DRIVERSCAR TRAVELINGCARGOCARRIAGEWAYSCARRIERSCARSCOMMERCIAL VEHICLESCONGESTIONCONGESTION PRICINGCOST OF ROAD MAINTENANCECOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISDEVELOPMENT BANKDIESELDIESEL FUELDIVERSION OF TRAFFICDRIVERSDRIVINGDRIVING TIMEEARTHWORKSECONOMIES OF SCALEELECTRONIC TOLLELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTIONELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION TRANSPONDERSEMERGENCY SERVICESEMISSIONSENGINEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONEXPANSION OF HIGHWAYSEXPRESSWAYSFEDERAL ROADSFERRIESFINANCIAL RISKFINANCING OF ROADSFIXED ASSETSFLEETSFRAMEWORKFREIGHTFREIGHT VEHICLESFUELFUEL CHARGESFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICESFUEL TAXFUEL TAX INCREASEFUEL TAXATIONFUEL TAXESFUELSGASOLINEGOOD ROADSGOOD TRANSPORTGOVERNMENT POLICIESGPSGRADEHEAVY GOODS VEHICLESHIGHWAYHIGHWAY ACTHIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONHIGHWAY ENGINEERINGHIGHWAY EXPANSIONHIGHWAY INVESTMENTSHIGHWAY LAWHIGHWAY NETWORKHIGHWAY RESEARCHHIGHWAY SYSTEMHIGHWAYSHOLDINGINCOMEINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINLAND WATERWAYINTERCHANGESINTERNAL RATE OF RETURNINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONINTERSTATE HIGHWAYINTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEMINTERSTATE HIGHWAYSINVESTINGINVESTMENT IN ROADSISOLAND TRANSPORTLENGTH OF ROADLOAD CARRYINGLOAD CARRYING CAPACITYLOADINGLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL ROADSLONG-DISTANCELONG-DISTANCE PASSENGERMODES OF TRANSPORTMOUNTAINOUS TERRAINMUNICIPAL ROADPASSENGER TRAVELPAVEMENTPAVEMENT DAMAGEPAVEMENT DESIGNPAVEMENT STRUCTUREPAVEMENTSPERIODIC MAINTENANCEPOLICEPOLLUTIONPORTSPRICE DIFFERENTIALPRICE OF FUELPRIVATE CAR OWNERSHIPPRIVATE FINANCINGPROVINCIAL ROADSPUBLIC SECURITYPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONPUBLIC WORKSRAILRAIL TRANSPORTRAILWAYRAILWAYSREBATESRECONSTRUCTIONREDUCTION IN TRAVELRESETTLEMENTRETURN ON CAPITALROADROAD ACCESSROAD ADMINISTRATIONROAD CAPACITYROAD CAPACITY EXPANSIONROAD CLASSROAD CONDITIONSROAD CONSTRUCTIONROAD DESIGNROAD DETERIORATIONROAD DEVELOPMENTROAD FINANCINGROAD IMPROVEMENTSROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD INVESTMENTROAD INVESTMENTSROAD LENGTHROAD MAINTENANCEROAD NETWORKROAD NETWORKSROAD PAVEMENTROAD PLANNINGROAD SAFETYROAD SECTORROAD SPACEROAD SYSTEMROAD TRANSPORTROAD USEROAD USERSROAD VEHICLESROAD WEARROADSROADWAYSROUTEROUTESRURAL ACCESSRURAL AREASRURAL ROADSSAFETY IMPROVEMENTSSHARINGSMART CARDSSPEEDSPEEDSSTATE HIGHWAYSTRUCTURESTAXTERRAINTOLL RATESTOLL REVENUESTOLL ROADTOLL ROAD DEVELOPMENTTOLL ROADSTOLLSTRAFFICTRAFFIC DEMANDTRAFFIC FLOWSTRAFFIC GROWTHTRAFFIC LEVELSTRAFFIC POLICETRAFFIC SAFETYTRAFFIC VOLUMETRAFFIC VOLUMESTRAILERSTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTTRANSPORT COMMUNITYTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT INDUSTRYTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT INVESTMENTTRANSPORT NETWORKTRANSPORT PLANNINGTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT PROFESSIONALSTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SYSTEMTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION INDUSTRYTRANSPORTATION NETWORKTRANSPORTATION OFFICIALSTRANSPORTATION PROFESSIONALSTRANSPORTATION RESEARCHTRANSPORTATION SERVICESTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRAVEL DISTANCESTRAVEL TIMESTRAVELERSTRIPTRIP LENGTHTRIPSTRUCK DRIVERSTRUCKINGTRUCKSTRUETUNNELTUNNEL LIGHTINGTUNNEL SAFETYTUNNELSURBAN TRANSPORTVEHICLEVEHICLE MANUFACTURERSVEHICLE OPERATINGVEHICLE OPERATING COSTSVEHICLE PURCHASESVEHICLE REGISTRATIONVEHICLE USEVEHICLE USERSVEHICLE-HOURSVEHICLESWHEELSWorld Bank10.1596/7933