World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192010-08-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2914This report is part of the Analytical and Advisory Activities (AAA) program focusing on the engagement area of 'skills development, competitiveness, and knowledge economy' and is based on several background papers and technical notes written on the characteristics of youth employment and the role of education and skills in the school-to-work transition in Indonesia. The slow transition of graduates is explored in detail in section two, which pays special attention to differences by education levels. It highlights the difficulties of senior secondary school graduates in accessing good quality jobs and the high unemployment rate that they face upon graduation. Given these worrisome signs of young senior secondary school graduates (considered the lower tier of 'skilled' workers) and expected increases in the transition to senior secondary education (which are already rising rapidly), section three focuses on the senior secondary school level. Seeking to shed some light on the question of whether senior secondary education is providing the right skills for its students, the section explores the employment profile of vocational (SMK) vs. general (SMA) graduates and, drawing on a recent survey of employers, argues against a drastic increase in the proportion of vocational students, highlighting instead the need to adjust the skill base of senior secondary school graduates. Based on the findings, section four explores ways to meet the demand for skills through changes in senior secondary school, strengthening of the non-formal training system and providing targeted entrepreneurship programs. Finally, section five provides some overall recommendations going forward.CC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC SKILLSACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATIONACCESS TO TRAININGACCREDITATIONACCREDITATION SYSTEMACCREDITATION SYSTEMSAGE COHORTAGE GROUPBACKGROUND PAPERSBARRIERS TO ENTRYBASIC COMPETENCIESBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC MATHEMATICSBASIC SKILLSBLOCK GRANTSCAREERCHILDRENCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOLLEGECOMPUTER LITERACYCOMPUTER SKILLSCONTINUOUS LEARNINGCURRICULACURRICULUMCURRICULUM DEVELOPMENTDEGREESDROPOUT RATESEARLY GRADESEDUCATED PARENTSEDUCATED WORKERSEDUCATED WORKFORCEEDUCATIONEDUCATION CAPACITYEDUCATION DEPARTMENTEDUCATION EXPENDITUREEDUCATION FOR ALLEDUCATION FOR YOUTHEDUCATION INSTITUTIONSEDUCATION STUDENTSEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYEESEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT PATTERNSENROLLMENT RATESENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAININGEXAMEXPANSION OF EDUCATIONFEESFEMALE STUDENTSFORMAL EDUCATION SECTORFORMAL EDUCATION SYSTEMFORMAL LABOR MARKETFURTHER EDUCATIONGENERAL EDUCATIONGENERIC SKILLSGERGRADUATEGRADUATES WITH SKILLSGROSS ENROLLMENTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATEHIGH SCHOOLHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATEHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINFORMAL EDUCATIONINFORMATION ASYMMETRIESINSTITUTESINTERVENTIONSINVESTMENTJOBJOB CREATIONJOB MARKETJOB TRAININGJOBLESS GROWTHJOBSJUNIOR SECONDARYJUNIOR SECONDARY EDUCATIONJUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE BASEKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYLABORLABOR FORCELABOR INTENSITYLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR SUPPLYLEARNINGLEARNING OUTCOMESLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIFE SKILLSLIFE SKILLS EDUCATIONLIFELONG LEARNINGLITERATURELOW-INCOME STUDENTSLOWER SECONDARY LEVELMANAGEMENTMANPOWERMINIMUM WAGEMINISTRIESNATIONAL ACCREDITATIONNATIONAL EDUCATIONNET ENROLLMENTNET ENROLLMENT RATENEW ENTRANTSNONFORMAL EDUCATIONNONFORMAL TRAININGNUMBER OF TEACHERSOLDER AGE GROUPSPARENTAL EDUCATIONPARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION RATESPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIVATE ENROLLMENTSPRIVATE INSTITUTIONSPRIVATE SCHOOLPRIVATE SCHOOLSPRIVATE TRAININGPROBLEM SOLVINGPROFESSIONAL LIFEPUBLIC SCHOOLPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUBLIC TRAININGQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMSQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF INSTRUCTIONQUALITY STANDARDSQUALITY TRAININGREADINGREADING SKILLSRESEARCHRETURN TO EDUCATIONRETURNS TO EDUCATIONRURAL AREASSAFETY NETSCHOOL CURRICULASCHOOL CURRICULUMSCHOOL DROPOUTSCHOOL DROPOUTSSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSCHOOL GRADUATESSCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL STUDENTSSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOLINGSCHOOLSSCIENCESCIENCE STUDYSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATESSENIOR SECONDARY LEVELSENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLSSERVICE SECTORSERVICE SECTORSSKILL ACQUISITIONSKILL PREMIUMSSKILL TRAININGSKILLED WORKERSSKILLED WORKFORCESKILLSSKILLS DEVELOPMENTSKILLS TRAININGSOCIAL SKILLSSTUDENTSTUDENT ASSESSMENTSTUDENT BODYSTUDENT FEESTECHNICAL SKILLSTECHNICAL TRAININGTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTERTIARY EDUCATIONTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTOTAL LABOR FORCETRAINEESTRAININGTRAINING CENTERTRAINING CENTERSTRAINING COURSETRAINING COURSESTRAINING INSTITUTESTRAINING INSTITUTIONSTRAINING NEEDSTRAINING OPPORTUNITIESTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING PROVIDERTRAINING SYSTEMTUITIONTUITION COSTSUNEMPLOYED YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNIVERSAL ENROLLMENTUNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITYVALUESVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL SCHOOLVOCATIONAL SCHOOLSVOCATIONAL SKILLSVOCATIONAL TRAININGWOMENWORKERYOUNG PEOPLEYOUTH EMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTWorld Bank10.1596/2914