Humphries, Janes2014-02-262014-02-262003-05World Bank Economic Reviewhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/17178Child labor was more prevalent in 19th-century industrializers than it is in developing countries today. It was particularly extensive in the earliest industrializers. This pattern may be a source of optimism signaling the spread of technologies that have little use for child labor and of values that endorse the preservation and protection of childhood. Today and historically, orphaned and fatherless children and those in large families are most vulnerable. Efficient interventions to curb child labor involve fiscal transfers to these children and active policies toward street children. Changes in capitalist labor markets (including technology), family strategies, state policies, and cultural norms are examined to shed light on the causes, chronology, and consequences of child labor.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOABANDONED CHILDRENACCOUNTADULT MALEADULT MALESAGE GROUPAIDS EPIDEMICAPPRENTICESHIPBORROWINGBUSINESS CYCLECAPITAL MARKETSCHILD ABUSECHILD CARECHILD EARNINGSCHILD LABORCHILD LABOR LAWSCHILD LABOR STANDARDSCHILD LABOURCHILD PARTICIPATIONCHILD WORKERSCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDIVISION OF LABORDOMESTIC SERVICEEARNINGECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC HISTORIANSECONOMICSEMPLOYMENT LEVELSFAMILY LIFEFAMILY MEMBERSFEMALE LABORFINDING JOBSFORGOTTEN CHILDRENHUMAN CAPITALINCOMEINFANT INDUSTRIESINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFORMAL SECTORINNOVATIONSINVESTIGATIONJOBSJURISDICTIONLABOR COSTSLABOR FORCELABOR LEGISLATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOVEMENTLABOR ORGANIZATIONLABOR ORGANIZATIONSLABOR RELATIONSLABOR SHORTAGESLABOR STANDARDSLEGISLATIONMALE WORKERSMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESMULTIPLE EQUILIBRIANEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICSOCCUPATIONOCCUPATIONSORGANIZED LABORPARENTSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOOR CHILDRENPRODUCTION UNITSPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIESPRODUCTIVITYREAL WAGESRESIGNATIONSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOLING ATTAINMENTSERVICE OCCUPATIONSSERVICE SECTORSHORT-TERM UNEMPLOYMENTSINGLE MOTHERSSOLDIERSSTREET CHILDRENTRADE UNIONSTREATMENT OF CHILDRENUNEMPLOYMENTUNINTENDED CONSEQUENCEUNSKILLED LABORUNSKILLED WORKERSWAGESWARWOMEN WORKERSWORKERWORKING CHILDRENYOUNG CHILDRENYOUNG PEOPLEYOUNG WOMENYOUNG WORKERSYOUNGER CHILDRENJournal ArticleWorld Bank10.1596/17178