Oh, JungEunGwilliam, Kenneth2014-01-092014-01-092013-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16546Russian cities are undergoing critical economic and social changes that affect the performance and condition of their urban transport systems. While the population of most large cities in Russia (over one million residents) has remained relatively unchanged over the last decade, the average income of the urban dwellers has sharply increased. The number of private cars per capita has increased rapidly, generating a demand for urban mobility which is increasingly difficult to meet. This review of the urban transport sector in the Russian Federation (the Review, hereafter) aims to assess the current condition and performance of urban transport systems in medium-to-large size Russian cities and to identify key issues and underlying causes. The review principally covers software of urban transport in the secondary cities of Russia, including institutional arrangements, legal and regulatory issues, operation of public transport systems, traffic management, and parking, and less extensively hardware aspects, such as construction of road network.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOAIRAIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTIONATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONSAUTOMOBILEAVERAGE TRAVEL SPEEDSBRIDGEBUSBUS FLEETBUS FLEETSBUS LANEBUS LANESBUS OPERATIONBUS OPERATORSBUS SERVICESCADMIUMCAPITAL INVESTMENTCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCARCAR OWNERSHIPCAR OWNERSHIP RATESCAR PARKINGCAR TRAFFICCARBON MONOXIDECARSCITY STREETSCITY TRANSPORTCOMMERCIAL VEHICLESCOMMUTER RAILCONCESSIONARY FARESDIESELDIESEL FUELDRIVERSEMISSIONEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTSENFORCEMENT OF PENALTIESENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC RULESENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTFARE CONCESSIONSFARE REVENUESFARE SYSTEMSFARESFATALITIESFINANCIAL PERFORMANCEFLEET REPLACEMENTFLEET SIZEFLEETSFREIGHTFREIGHT SERVICESFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL OILFUEL QUALITYFUEL STANDARDSGASOLINEHIGH SPEED TRAINHIGHWAYSILLEGAL PARKINGINCIDENT MANAGEMENTINCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSINCOME TAXINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMSINTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATIONINTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMINTERCITY PASSENGERINTERSECTIONSJOURNEYSLAND TRANSPORTLAND USELAND-USE PLANNINGLIGHT RAILLIGHT RAIL TRANSITLOCAL AIR POLLUTIONLOCAL AIR QUALITYLONG-DISTANCEMASS TRANSITMETRO RAILMETROPOLITAN TRANSPORTMINISTRY OF TRANSPORTMODAL TICKETINGMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIPMUNICIPAL BUSESMUNICIPAL ROADNOISENOISE POLLUTIONPASSENGER SERVICESPASSENGERSPATRONAGEPEAK HOURSPEDESTRIANPEDESTRIAN CROSSINGPEDESTRIAN CROSSINGSPEDESTRIANSPENSIONERSPOLICEPOLLUTANT EMISSIONSPOLLUTION REDUCTIONPRIVATE CAR FLEETPRIVATE CAR OWNERSHIPPRIVATE TRANSPORTPRIVATE VEHICLEPROFITABLE ROUTESPUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT MODESPUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATIONSPUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVISIONPUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICEPUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICESPUBLIC TRANSPORT SUPPLYPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMSPUBLIC TRANSPORT TRIPSRAILRAIL SERVICERAIL SYSTEMSRAIL TRANSPORTRAPID TRANSITRED LIGHTRED LIGHT CAMERASRESPONSIBILITY FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTROADROAD CONDITIONSROAD CONGESTIONROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD LINKSROAD MAINTENANCEROAD NETWORKROAD PROVISIONROAD SAFETYROAD SYSTEMROAD TRAFFICROAD TRANSPORTROADSROADWAYROLLING STOCKROUTEROUTESSIDEWALKSSPEED CONTROLSSPEED LIMITSSTREET PARKINGSTREET PARKING REGULATIONSSUBURBAN RAILWAYSSUBURBSTAXTAXI SERVICESTRAFFICTRAFFIC ACCIDENTSTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC CONGESTION PROBLEMSTRAFFIC CONTROLTRAFFIC ENFORCEMENTTRAFFIC ENGINEERINGTRAFFIC FLOWTRAFFIC FLOWSTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMTRAFFIC OPERATIONSTRAFFIC REGULATIONSTRAFFIC SAFETYTRAFFIC SIGNALTRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLTRAFFIC SPEEDSTRAFFIC VOLUMESTRAMTRAM SYSTEMSTRANSIT PRIORITYTRANSIT SYSTEMSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT FACILITIESTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT LAWTRANSPORT MANAGEMENTTRANSPORT MEASURESTRANSPORT NETWORKTRANSPORT PLANTRANSPORT PLANNINGTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT PROBLEMSTRANSPORT PROCESSESTRANSPORT PROFESSIONALSTRANSPORT REGULATIONTRANSPORT SAFETYTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT STRATEGIESTRANSPORT STRATEGYTRANSPORTATION PROFESSIONALSTRAVELER INFORMATIONTRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMSTROLLEY BUSTROLLEYBUSESURBAN MOBILITYURBAN PASSENGERURBAN ROADURBAN ROADSURBAN STREETURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN TRANSPORT PLANNINGURBAN TRANSPORT POLICIESURBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMURBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMSURBAN TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLEVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE FUELVEHICLE OPERATINGVEHICLE OPERATING COSTSVEHICLE REPLACEMENTVEHICLE SIZEVEHICLE TRAFFICVEHICLESWorld Bank10.1596/16546