Murray, Brian C.Galik, Christopher S.Mitchell, StephenCottle, Phil2017-06-132017-06-132012-11-20https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27123The report provides quantitative and qualitative insights into the performance of different non-permanence approaches for consideration of parties. This note summarizes the results of the analysis presented in the report. Besides the existing mechanism for temporary crediting, the study analyzed a range of alternative approaches to addressing non-permanence, including those considered in prior deliberations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The approaches address the risk of non-permanence in several ways. Under the tonne year accounting, credits are issued for the increments of carbon sequestered corresponding to a defined permanence period, and their quantity depends on the carbon stored in biomass each year of the permanence period. However, this approach has not been implemented by any standard. These approaches are not mutually exclusive, but can be used in tandem with each other.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSORPTIONACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING FRAMEWORKAFFORESTATIONASSURANCEATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRYATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONSBIOMASSBONDHOLDERBONDSCALCULATIONCAP LEVELSCARBONCARBON BALANCECARBON CAPTURECARBON CREDITINGCARBON CREDITSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FINANCECARBON LOSSCARBON LOSSESCARBON MARKETCARBON OFFSETCARBON POOLSCARBON PRICECARBON PROJECTSCARBON REMOVALCARBON RESERVOIRCARBON SINKCARBON SINK PROJECTSCARBON SINKSCARBON STOCKCARBON STORAGECARBONIZATIONCERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONCERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONSCLEAN DEVELOPMENTCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLIMATECLIMATE ACTIONCLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE DAMAGESCLIMATE POLICYCOCO2COMMERCIAL INSURANCECOMMODITY MARKETSCREDIBILITYCREDIT BUYERSCREDIT LOSSCREDIT RESERVECUSTODYDEBTDECAY FUNCTIONDEFAULT RISKDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDIRECT INVESTMENTDISCOUNT RATEDISCOUNT RATESDROUGHTECONOMIC INCENTIVEECOSYSTEMEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTION OBLIGATIONSEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS TARGETSENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITYENVIRONMENTAL POLICYESCROWEXPENDITURESEXTREME WEATHERFEASIBILITYFINANCESFINANCIAL PERFORMANCEFINANCIAL RETURNSFINANCIAL RISKFINANCIAL SUPPORTFIRST VERIFICATIONFORESTFOREST CARBONFOREST CARBON STOCKFOREST CARBON STORAGEFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST ECOSYSTEMSFOREST GROWTHFOREST LOSSESFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST STANDFOREST STANDSFOREST TYPEFORESTRYFORESTRY ACTIVITIESFORESTRY PROJECTSFORESTSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFUNGIBLEFUTURE PRICESGHGGHGSGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASGLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALGOVERNMENT GUARANTEEGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GASESHOLDINGHOLDING REQUIREMENTSHOST COUNTRIESHOST COUNTRYINCOMEINFLATIONINFLATION RATEINITIAL VERIFICATIONINSTRUMENTINSURANCEINSURANCE COVERAGEINSURANCE PREMIUMINSURERSINTERNATIONAL STANDARDINVESTMENT DECISIONSIPCCISSUANCELAND USELAND-USE CHANGELANDHOLDERLANDOWNERLANDOWNERSLEGAL OBLIGATIONLEGAL OBLIGATIONSLEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKSLIABILITYMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET PARTICIPANTSMARKET TRANSACTIONMATURITYMITIGATION ACTIONSMONETARY VALUEMORAL HAZARDNET CARBON SINKOFFSET CATEGORIESOFFSET CREDITSOPPORTUNITY COSTOPPORTUNITY COSTSPERFORMANCE BONDPOLITICAL UNCERTAINTYPORTFOLIOPRESENT VALUEPRICE CHANGEPRICE INCREASEPROGRAMSQUANTITATIVE ANALYSISRADIATIONRADIATIVE FORCINGREPAYMENTRESERVERETURNRISK ASSESSMENTRISK DIVERSIFICATIONRISK FACTORSRISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT PROCESSRISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMRISK PREMIUMRISK PROFILESALVAGESAVINGSSCENARIOSSEQUESTERED CARBONSEQUESTRATION POTENTIALSEQUESTRATION RATESET ASIDESPECTRUM OF RISKTERRESTRIAL CARBONTERRESTRIAL CARBON POOLTERRESTRIAL CARBON RESERVOIRSTERRESTRIAL CARBON SEQUESTRATIONTERRESTRIAL CARBON SINKSTERRESTRIAL CARBON STOCKSTERRESTRIAL CARBON STORAGETERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSTRADINGTRANSACTIONTRANSACTION COSTSUNEPVERIFICATION PERIODSWINDWOOD PRODUCTSYIELD CURVESWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/27123