Timilsina, Govinda R.Dulal, Hari B.2012-03-192012-03-192009-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4062This study reviews regulatory instruments designed to reduce environmental externalities from the transport sector. The study finds that the main regulatory instruments used in practice are fuel economy standards, vehicle emission standards, and fuel quality standards. Although industrialized countries have introduced all three standards with strong enforcement mechanisms, most developing countries have yet to introduce fuel economy standards. The emission standards introduced by many developing countries to control local air pollutants follow either the European Union or United States standards. Fuel quality standards, particularly for gasoline and diesel, have been introduced in many countries mandating 2 to 10 percent blending of biofuels, 10 to 50 times reduction of sulfur from 1996 levels, and banning lead contents. Although inspection and maintenance programs are in place in both industrialized and developing countries to enforce regulatory standards, these programs have faced several challenges in developing countries due to a lack of resources. The study also highlights several factors affecting the selection of regulatory instruments, such as countries' environmental priorities and institutional capacities.CC BY 3.0 IGOAIRAIR EMISSIONSAIR POLLUTANTAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITY STANDARDSALTERNATIVE FUELSAUTO INDUSTRYAUTO MANUFACTURERSAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE INDUSTRYAUTOMOBILESAUTOMOTIVE FUELAUTOMOTIVE FUEL EFFICIENCYAVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCYAVERAGE VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMYBOARD ANNUAL MEETINGBUS FLEETBUSESCARCAR OWNERSHIPCAR USAGECARBON EMISSIONCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON MONOXIDECARBON TAXCARSCITY BUSCLASSES OF VEHICLESCLEAN AIRCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN FUELCLEANER FUELSCLIMATE CHANGECOMMERCIAL VEHICLESCOMMUTERSCONGESTION PRICINGCRASH COSTSDIESELDIESEL CARSDIESEL ENGINESDIESEL FUELDIESEL FUELSDIESEL VEHICLESDOMESTIC AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRYDRIVERSDRIVINGDRIVING PUBLICDRIVING RESTRICTIONSEMISSION CONTROLEMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMSEMISSION DATAEMISSION LIMITEMISSION LIMIT VALUEEMISSION RATESEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIALEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION REGULATIONSEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSION TESTSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM ROADEMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORTEMISSIONS PERFORMANCEEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS RELATIVEEMISSIONS STANDARDSENERGY EFFICIENCYENGINEENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONSEXHAUST EMISSIONSFREIGHTFREIGHT TRANSPORTFUELFUEL CELLSFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION FOR PASSENGER CARSFUEL ECONOMYFUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTFUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSFUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDSFUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLESFUEL QUALITYFUEL SAVINGSFUEL STANDARDSFUEL TAXFUEL TAX REVENUESFUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLESFUELSGAS TAXGASOLINEGASOLINE CONSUMPTIONGASOLINE TAXGASOLINE TAXESGASOLINE VEHICLESGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS VEHICLE WEIGHTHEAVY DUTY VEHICLESHEAVY VEHICLESHIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLEHIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLESHIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLEHYBRID VEHICLESHYDROCARBON EMISSIONSHYDROCARBONSINSPECTIONLAND USELANESLEAD EMISSIONSLIGHT TRUCKLIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMYLIGHT TRUCKSLIGHT VEHICLESLOAD FACTORSLOCAL AIR POLLUTANTSLOCAL AIR POLLUTIONLOCAL AIR QUALITYLOWER EMISSIONSMETHANEMODAL SPLITMOTOR CYCLESMOTOR FUELMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLE AIR POLLUTIONMOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONSMOTOR VEHICLE FUELMOTOR VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTIONMOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRYMOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTIONMOTOR VEHICLESMOTORISTSNITRIC OXIDENITROGEN OXIDESOXIDES OF NITROGENOXIDES OF SULFURPASSENGER TRANSPORTPASSENGER VEHICLEPASSENGER VEHICLESPERSONAL VEHICLESPETROL VEHICLESPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPICKUP TRUCKSPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION PROBLEMSPOLLUTION REDUCTIONPOLLUTION REDUCTION STRATEGYPRIVATE VEHICLESPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMSPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONREFINERYREMOTE SENSINGRIDERROADROAD CAPACITYROAD TRAFFICROAD VEHICLESROADSSAFETYSAFETY INSPECTIONSSPEEDSSTREETSSTRICTER ENFORCEMENTSULFURTAILPIPE EMISSIONSTAXISTOLLTRAFFICTRAFFIC ACCIDENTSTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRANSPORTTRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONSTRANSPORTATION RESEARCHTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRAVEL DEMANDTRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENTURBAN ROADWAYSURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLEVEHICLE CATEGORYVEHICLE COSTSVEHICLE DESIGNVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSION CONTROLVEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDSVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE ENGINESVEHICLE EXHAUSTVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE FLEETSVEHICLE FUELVEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCYVEHICLE LANESVEHICLE MANUFACTURERSVEHICLE MILEAGEVEHICLE MILESVEHICLE OCCUPANCYVEHICLE OWNERSVEHICLE OWNERSHIPVEHICLE RESTRICTIONSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4867