World Bank2014-04-212014-04-212009-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17940The education sector in Bhutan has been growing steadily since the 1960s and concomitantly the literacy rates of the population have also been steadily going up over time. The mostly mountainous country regards education as central to its national development. Every cohort has seen an increasing share of children going to school and the education system now strains to keep up with the speed with which enrolment has expanded over the last ten years, in-line with Bhutan's commitment to meet the education Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This report is structured as follows: section two presents the background and context of Bhutan's education system; section three discusses previous theoretical and empirical literature on education quality; section four describes the sampling design methodology, the sample and empirical methodology used in this study; section five presents findings on students' actual knowledge in three subjects and their corresponding scaled scores; section six presents the results of multivariate regression analysis for estimating school, teacher and child related correlates of learning outcomes; section seven profiles teachers in grades two and four and the education process; and section eight concludes with brief summary, discussion of policy implications, and recommendation for future research.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO SCHOOLSADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTUREAGE OF ENTRYASSESSMENT SYSTEMAVERAGE PUPIL-TEACHER RATIOBASIC COMPETENCIESBASIC EDUCATIONBASIC SKILLSBETTER LEARNINGCHILDREN IN SCHOOLSCLASS ORGANIZATIONCLASS SIZESCLASSROOMCLASSROOMSCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOMMUNITY SCHOOLCOMMUNITY SCHOOLSCURRICULACURRICULUMDISABLED CHILDRENDISTRICT EDUCATIONEARLY CHILDHOODEARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONEARLY GRADESECONOMIC GROWTHEDUCATION ASSESSMENTEDUCATION OFFICERSEDUCATION OPPORTUNITIESEDUCATION OUTCOMESEDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION PROVIDERSEDUCATION QUALITYEDUCATION REFORMSEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL MATERIALSEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESEDUCATIONAL PROGRESSEDUCATIONAL QUALITYEFFECTIVE LEARNINGEFFECTIVE SCHOOLSELEMENTSEND OF GRADEFEMALE LITERACYFEMALE LITERACY RATEFEMALE TEACHERSFREE BASIC EDUCATIONFUTURE RESEARCHGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISPARITYGENDER GAPGENERAL EDUCATIONGERGIRLSGLOBAL EDUCATIONGRADE REPETITIONGRADUATE DEGREESGRADUATE TEACHERSGROSS ENROLMENTGROSS ENROLMENT RATEHEAD TEACHERSHIGH RATES OF TEACHER ABSENTEEISMHIGHER GRADEHIGHER GRADESHIGHER TEST SCORESHOME LANGUAGEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMESHUMAN RESOURCESILLITERACYINSTRUCTIONINTERVENTIONSKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYLANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTIONLEARNINGLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTLEARNING ACHIEVEMENTSLEARNING LEVELSLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING TIMELITERACYLITERACY RATELITERACY RATESLITERATE PARENTSLITERATURELOWER SECONDARYLOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLLOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERSLOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLSMALE LITERACY RATEMATH SCORESMATH TESTMATHEMATICSMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONMODERN EDUCATIONNATIONAL CURRICULUMNATIONAL EDUCATIONNATIONAL LANGUAGENERNET ENROLMENTNET ENROLMENT RATENUMBER OF STUDENTSNUMBER OF TEACHERSNUMERACYNUTRITIONOBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOLSOLDER CHILDRENPAPERSPARTICIPATION IN EDUCATIONPEDAGOGICAL SUPPORTPRIMARY CLASSESPRIMARY CYCLEPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY GRADESPRIMARY GROSS ENROLMENT RATEPRIMARY LEVELPRIMARY LEVELSPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL CYCLEPRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIVATE SCHOOLPRIVATE SCHOOL TEACHERSPRIVATE SCHOOLSPROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTPROFICIENCYPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC SCHOOLPUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERSPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUPIL TEACHER RATIOPUPIL-TEACHER RATIOQUALIFIED TEACHERSQUALITY EDUCATIONQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF TEACHINGQUALITY PRIMARY EDUCATIONQUALITY TEACHERSRATES OF ABSENTEEISMREADINGREADING COMPREHENSIONREPETITION RATEREPETITION RATESRURAL AREASSCHOOL ADJUSTMENTSCHOOL ADMINISTRATORSSCHOOL BUDGETSSCHOOL CHILDRENSCHOOL EFFECTSSCHOOL ENROLMENTSCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURESCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL LOCATIONSCHOOL OWNERSHIPSCHOOL PARTICIPATIONSCHOOL QUALITYSCHOOL SURVEYSCHOOL TEACHERSSCHOOL TYPESSCHOOLINGSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERSSECONDARY SCHOOLSSMALL SCHOOLSSTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICSSTUDENT CHARACTERISTICSSTUDENT LEARNINGSTUDENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMESSTUDENT OUTCOMESSTUDENT PERFORMANCESUBJECTSTEACHERTEACHER ABSENTEEISMTEACHER CERTIFICATIONTEACHER CHARACTERISTICSTEACHER EDUCATIONTEACHER EFFECTIVENESSTEACHER EXPECTATIONSTEACHER INCENTIVESTEACHER MOTIVATIONTEACHER PERFORMANCETEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTTEACHER QUALITYTEACHER SALARIESTEACHER TRAININGTEACHERSTEACHINGTEACHING FORCETEACHING METHODSTEACHING STRATEGIESTEACHING-LEARNINGTEACHING-LEARNING PROCESSTEXTBOOKSUNIVERSAL EDUCATIONUNIVERSAL PARTICIPATION10.1596/17940