Arnold, TamaraHentschel, Elizabeth LaurenLuna-Bazaldua, DiegoChen Peraza, JulianaGuedira, Fatine2025-01-142025-01-142025-01-14https://hdl.handle.net/10986/42679By 2030, an estimated two-thirds of the world's extremely poor could be concentrated in countries and contexts characterized by fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) (World Bank Group, 2020). FCV contexts, affected by humanitarian crises, prolonged emergencies, and armed conflicts, are significant hindrances to poverty reduction and sustainable development. The cycle of instability and violence in these contexts often leads to the destruction of infrastructure and a strain on resources, making it difficult for communities to lift themselves out of poverty and achieve sustainable development goals. The list of FCV contexts includes the World Bank list of countries and territories affected by fragility and conflict situations (FCS), as well as countries suffering from violence and those with large-forcibly displaced populations that are not included in the FCS list. This review aims to describe which early childhood development (ECD) measurement tools have been used in FCV contexts and to serve as a guide for tool selection in these settings. This guidance is intended to assist country teams in identifying appropriate tools for ECD measurement activities, provided that such activities are already recognized as priorities. While parents and caregivers are essential to ECD, particularly in FCV environments, this review does not concern tools that measure adults' well-being or parenting-related outcomes. Instead, it measures children's developmental outcomes and other child-related constructs relevant to FCV contexts. The authors briefly describe the situation of children living in FCV contexts and how it can affect their development. We then make a case for the importance of ECD measurement, the lack of data on ECD in FCV contexts, and the data collection challenges. After that, we provide a deep dive into what was found in the desk review and provide a framework for tool selection. Finally, we present policy recommendations.en-USCC BY 4.0 IGOWELL-BEINGQUALITY EDUCATIONEARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT (ECD)FRAGILITY, CONFLICT AND VIOLENCEWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/42679