Krumm, KathieKharas, HomiKrumm, KathieKharas, Homi2013-08-122013-08-1220040-8213-5514-7https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15038Rapid and sustained growth in international trade has long been a hallmark of successful growth and development strategies in East Asia. Some success stories are well known: those of the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) such as the Republic of Korea, as well as middle-income economies such as Malaysia and the transition economy of China. More recent entrants to world markets that have seen rapid export growth include low-income economies such as Cambodia and Vietnam. Trade has been an important factor in growth in the region, enabling progress in poverty reduction. Although the 1997-98 financial crisis interrupted this progress, recovery since then has brought poverty rates in every emerging economy in the region to record lows, and in economies like that of Vietnam, trade growth has brought with it a rapid reduction in poverty. Intraregional trade in East Asia has grown faster than trade with any other market, and while the largest economies account for the bulk of this trade, the regional trade of most smaller economies has also grown. Trade integration has been marketled, stemming from a combination of unilateral reforms, fulfillment of multilateral commitments, and a pattern of relocation of production processes (see Kawai and Urata 2002). Intraregional trade has been driven not only by growing demand but increasingly by improved competitiveness in regional markets, as reflected in increased market shares (Figure 1). China has been particularly dynamic, but almost all countries increased their competitiveness in regional markets during 1995-2001.9 This increase was accomplished without loss of competitiveness in other markets; East Asia continued to expand its market shares in the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) markets in the same period.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAGRICULTURAL PROTECTIONAGRICULTUREAPPLIED TARIFFAVERAGE TARIFFSBILATERAL AGREEMENTSBILATERAL TRADECAPITAL ACCUMULATIONCENTRAL BANKSCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIVENESSCOUNTRY MARKETSCURRENCYCUSTOMSCUSTOMS CLEARANCEDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC WELFAREEMPIRICAL ANALYSISEMPLOYMENTENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDSEXCHANGE RATEEXPORT GROWTHEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT ORIENTATIONEXPORTERSEXPORTSFINANCIAL CRISISFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AREAGDPGLOBAL LIBERALIZATIONGLOBAL TRADEGROWTH RATESHUMAN CAPITALIMPORT PROTECTIONIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORTSINCOME INEQUALITYINTEREST GROUPSINTERNATIONAL PRODUCTIONINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTRAREGIONAL TRADEINVESTMENT FLOWSINVESTMENT POLICIESINVESTOR CONFIDENCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR STANDARDSLEGAL STATUSLIBERALIZATION OF TRADELIQUIDITYLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMARKET ACCESSMARKET SHAREMARKET SHARESMARKET SIZEMTNMULTILATERAL COMMITMENTSNEGOTIATING POSITIONSNONTARIFF BARRIERNONTARIFF BARRIERSNONTARIFF MEASURESOPENNESSPATENTSPOLICY INTEGRATIONPOLLUTIONPREFERENTIAL TRADINGPREFERENTIAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTSPRODUCER SERVICESPRODUCERSPRODUCTION NETWORKSPRODUCTION PROCESSESPRODUCTIVITYQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONSREAL INCOMEREAL WAGESREGIONAL INSTITUTIONSREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL MARKETSREGIONAL TRADEREGIONAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTSREGIONAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTSREGIONALISMSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSHARE OF WORLD EXPORTSSOCIAL STABILITYSUBSIDIARY RIGHTSTARIFF LEVELSTARIFF RATESTAX REVENUETELECOMMUNICATIONSTHIRD-COUNTRY MARKETSTRADE AGREEMENTTRADE BARRIERSTRADE CLASSIFICATIONTRADE COMPETITIVENESSTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE GROWTHTRADE INTEGRATIONTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE POLICYTRADE PROTECTIONTRADE STRUCTURETRADE TREATIESTRADING PARTNERSTRANSITION ECONOMYTRANSPORT COSTSVALUE ADDEDWAGESWELFARE IMPACTSWORKER RIGHTSWORLD MARKETSWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTO TRADE POLICYSHARED GROWTHTRADE AGREEMENTSEXPORT DATAEXPORT MARKETSAGRICULTURAL ASPECTSWELFARE ECONOMICSTRANSPORT COSTSLIBERALIZATIONINVESTMENTSPROPERTY RIGHTSENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDSTRADE REFORMHOUSEHOLDSSOCIAL STABILITYINCOMESSOCIAL PROTECTIONFREE TRADE AGREEMENTSPORT ACCESSAIR FREIGHTWorld Bank10.1596/0-8213-5514-7