World Bank2014-06-302014-06-302004-03https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18860This ESMAP study was undertaken to provide technical input to support the region-wide process of developing and adopting cost-effective and realistic policies and efficient enforcement mechanisms to reverse the deteriorating trend in urban air quality in South Asia. It focused mainly on fine particulate matter, estimated to account for most premature mortality and illnesses caused by outdoor air pollution. Through stakeholder feedback, the study examined two areas where more information and policy analysis could complement ongoing activities on air pollution control: making vehicle emissions inspection more effective and understanding sources of small particulate matter. Poorly maintained older technology vehicles contribute disproportionately to total vehicular emissions. A common approach to identifying gross polluters and ensuring that they are repaired or retired is a vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program. The analysis carried out in this study recommends that limited resources be concentrated on applying more robust (but also costly) test protocols to vehicle categories in large cities likely to contain a disproportionately large fraction of high annual-kilometer, gross polluters (for example, commercial diesel vehicles). The ultimate goal of I/M is to reduce human exposure to elevated concentrations of harmful pollutants. Where air pollution is not serious, the number of people exposed is not large, or for vehicles that are not driven many kilometers a year or do not pollute much (such as new gasoline vehicles), the benefit of testing vehicles would be much less limited, if not negligibly small.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCELERATION SMOKEACCELERATION SMOKE EMISSIONSACCURATE VEHICLE REGISTRATION RECORDACUTE EXPOSUREADVERSE HEALTH IMPACTADVERSE IMPACTAERODYNAMIC DIAMETERAIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION CONTROLAIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRANSPORTAIR QUALITY BENEFITSAIR QUALITY DATAAIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTAIR QUALITY MANAGEMENTAIRBORNE PARTICLESAIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTERALTERNATIVE FUELAMBIENT AIRAMBIENT AIR QUALITYAMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDSAMBIENT CONCENTRATIONSAMBIENT PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONSAMMONIUMAUTO FUEL POLICYAUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERSAUTOMOTIVE FUELSAUTOMOTIVE GASOLINEBIOMASSCARBONCARBON COMPOUNDSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON MONOXIDECHEMICAL ANALYSISCHEMICALSCLEANER FUELSCOCO2COALCOLORSCOMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION SOURCESCOMPOSITE URBAN EMISSIONSCOMPRESSED NATURAL GASCONCENTRATIONSCONTROLLING AIR POLLUTIONCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSESDIESELDIESELDIESEL ENGINESDIESEL FUELDIESEL SULFURDIESEL VEHICLESDILUTION OF EXHAUST GASDUSTEFFECTIVE STRATEGYELIMINATION OF LEAD IN GASOLINEEMISSIONS INSPECTIONENGINEENVIRONMENT PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHEXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDSFINE PARTICLESFINE PARTICULATE MATTERFUEL COMBUSTIONFUEL ECONOMYFUEL OILFUEL QUALITYFUEL SUPPLYFUEL SWITCHINGFUEL TAXATIONFUELSGASOLINEGASOLINEGASOLINE ENGINESGASOLINE OCTANEGASOLINE SPECIFICATIONSGASOLINE VEHICLESGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGROSS POLLUTERSHCHEAVY-DUTY VEHICLESHOSPITAL ADMISSIONSHUMAN HEALTHHYDROCARBONSLEVEL OF EMISSIONSLNGLOWER EMISSIONSMAGNESIUMMAGNESIUM OXIDEMETALSNITRATENITRATESNITRIC OXIDENITROGENNITROGEN DIOXIDENO2NOXOILOIL SECTORORGANIC CARBONOXIDESOXIDES OF NITROGENOXIDES OF SULFUROZONEPAHPARTICULATE AIR POLLUTIONPARTICULATE EMISSIONSPASSENGER CARSPETROLEUM GASPM10POLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONSPOWER PLANTSPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT VEHICLESREDUCING EMISSIONSREFINERIESREMOTE SENSINGRESTRICTED ACTIVITY DAYSSMOKE OPACITYSO2SOXSTATIONARY SOURCESSUBSTRATESSULFATESULFATESSULFUR DIOXIDESULFUR IN DIESELSUSPENDED PARTICLESTRAFFICURBAN AIRURBAN AIR QUALITYURBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENTURBAN DEVELOPMENTVEHICLEVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDSVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE EXHAUSTVEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONSVEHICLE INSPECTIONVEHICLESWILLINGNESS TO PAYWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION10.1596/18860