Engela, RonetteAjam, Tania2017-07-172017-07-172010-07978-1-60244-138-5https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27574Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an extremely complex, multidisciplinary and skill intensive endeavor. Government-wide M&E is even more so because it requires detailed knowledge across and within sectors, as well as of interactions among planning, budgeting, and implementation functions in the public sector. The situation is complicated even further when the machinery of government is decentralized, with powers and functions distributed across three spheres of government. This paper outlines the process of implementing a government-wide monitoring and evaluation (GWM&E) system in South Africa. The first section sketches the context that created the impetus for establishing such a system. This context is clearly shaping the evolution of the system and influencing its longer-term sustainability. The second section outlines the various stages of conceptualizing and implementing the GWM&E system, which is currently very much a 'work in progress.' The third section reviews international experiences for lessons learned, which may also be germane to the South African context, noting similarities and differences in approach. Some of the critical implementation factors relate to the role of political leadership and championing of M&E, incentives for promoting usage of M&E findings, dealing with information and data constraints, capacity building, "ownership" of the M&E system by line ministries and other agencies, and managing the challenges of change. The fourth section examines a range of challenges and difficulties encountered in South Africa. The final section reflects on lessons distilled from the South African experience to date.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTABILITYACCOUNTABILITY RELATIONSHIPSACCOUNTINGACTION PLANADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSESANNUAL BUDGETANNUAL BUDGETSANNUAL PERFORMANCEANNUAL REPORTANNUAL REPORTINGANNUAL REPORTSAPPLICATION OF INFORMATIONAPPROPRIATIONSASSETSAUDITORAUDITOR-GENERALBASELINE DATABASICBASIC SERVICEBASIC SERVICESBEST-PRACTICEBUDGET ALLOCATIONBUDGET ALLOCATIONSBUDGET DECISIONBUDGET REFORMSBUDGET STRUCTUREBUSINESS PROCESSESCAPABILITYCAPACITY BUILDINGCAPACITY CONSTRAINTSCAPACITY-BUILDINGCENTRAL AGENCIESCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCITIZEN SURVEYSCIVIL SERVANTCIVIL SERVANTSCIVIL SERVICECIVIL SOCIETYCOLLECTED REVENUESCOMMUNITIESCOMPONENTSCONFIDENCECOPYRIGHTCORRUPTIONCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISCREATION OF POLICIESCREDIBLE EVIDENCECRIMECUSTOMDATA AVAILABILITYDATA COLLECTIONDATA MANAGEMENTDATA MININGDATA QUALITYDATA REQUIREMENTSDATA SOURCESDATABASE INFORMATIONDECENTRALIZATIONDELIVERY TIMESDEMOCRACYEARLY WARNING SYSTEMECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHELECTRICITYEND USERSENTRY POINTSETHICSEVALUATION METHODOLOGYEXCHANGE RATEEXPENDITURE DATAEXPENDITURE PROGRAMEXTERNAL CONSULTANTSFACSIMILEFINANCE MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFISCAL ACCOUNTABILITYFUNCTIONALITYGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNMENT PERFORMANCEGOVERNMENT POLICIESGOVERNMENT POLICYGOVERNMENT PRIORITIESGOVERNMENT REVENUEHARMONIZATIONHEALTH CAREHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCESHUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENTIMPLEMENTATION PERIODIMPLEMENTATION PLANIMPLEMENTATION PROCESSIMPLEMENTATION PROCESSESINFORMATION ASYMMETRIESINFORMATION FLOWSINFORMATION SERVICESINFORMATION SHARINGINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMSINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINITIATIVEINNOVATIONINSTITUTIONINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINTEGRITYINVENTORYINVESTIGATIONSJUSTICEKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTLEADERSHIPLEGAL BASISMANAGEMENT SYSTEMMANAGEMENT SYSTEMSMATERIALMEDIAMEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITUREMEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORKMEMBER COUNTRIESMETADATAMINISTERMINISTERSMINISTRY OF FINANCEMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTSMUNICIPALITIESNATIONAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL PRIORITIESNETWORKSORGANIZATIONAL CULTUREORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCEORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURESOUTCOME INDICATORSOUTCOME MEASURESOUTPUT MEASURESPERFORMANCE AGREEMENTSPERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTPERFORMANCE AUDITINGPERFORMANCE BUDGETINGPERFORMANCE CULTUREPERFORMANCE DATAPERFORMANCE EVALUATIONPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPERFORMANCE INFORMATIONPERFORMANCE MANAGEMENTPERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTPERFORMANCE MEASURESPERFORMANCE MONITORINGPERFORMANCE REPORTINGPERFORMANCE TARGETSPOLICY FORMULATIONPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLITICIANSPRIVATE SECTORPROGRAM PERFORMANCEPROGRAMSPROTOCOLSPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTSPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPUBLIC AGENCIESPUBLIC AUDITPUBLIC ENTITIESPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENTPUBLIC EXPENDITURE REFORMPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC INSTITUTIONPUBLIC INSTITUTIONSPUBLIC MANAGEMENTPUBLIC OFFICIALSPUBLIC RESOURCESPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR EFFICIENCYPUBLIC SECTOR REFORMPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERYPUBLIC WORKSQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY OF SERVICEREFORM AGENDAREFORM PROCESSESREFORM STRATEGIESREGISTERSREGULATORY ENVIRONMENTRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESOURCE ALLOCATION DECISIONSRESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCESSRESULTRESULTSREVENUE SOURCESSANCTIONSSANITATIONSERVICE DELIVERYSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIC PLANSSTRATEGIC POLICYSUPPLY CHAINSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTSYSTEM DEVELOPMENTTARGETSTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETELEPHONETRAINING COURSESTRANSACTIONTRANSPARENCYTURNAROUND TIMETURNOVER RATESUSE PERFORMANCE INFORMATIONUSERUSERSUSESVERIFICATIONWEBSITEWorking PaperIndependent Evaluation Group, World Bank10.1596/978-1-60244-138-5