Cho, YoonyoungRobalino, David2014-04-172014-04-172012-12https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17874This paper assesses labor market trends and outcomes in Pakistan over the past decade. It shows that despite a high rate of employment growth, labor market outcomes have been disappointing: most jobs have been created in low productivity sectors/activities, and even if they provide a minimum level of income to often avoid poverty, they remain low quality jobs providing little or no protection to workers against shocks. In addition, female participation rates for women are very low and there are large income disparities between rural and urban areas, and across sectors. A fundamental part of the problem is the low level of education of the labor force. Pakistan is currently in the midst of a demographic transition that is bringing a growing number of youth into the labor market. This youth bulge that is unwinding opens both challenges and opportunities. Challenges because of the need to create enough jobs to employ new entrants; Opportunities, because if this is done the country will enjoy a demographic dividend , as the share of those employed relative to the dependent increases, driving up income per capita and standards of living.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIESACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSADULT WORKERSBARGAININGBARGAINING POWERBASIC LITERACYBASIC RIGHTSCASUAL WORKERSCHILD CARECHILD LABORCORE LABOR STANDARDSCURRENT LABOR FORCEDECLINES IN FERTILITYDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGESDEMOGRAPHIC FACTORSDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONDEPENDENCY RATIODEVELOPMENT POLICYDISADVANTAGED WORKERSDISMISSALECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC DOWNTURNSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC SLOWDOWNEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYEEEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT CREATIONEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATESEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEEEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEMEEMPLOYMENT OFFICESEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMEMPLOYMENT SHAREEMPLOYMENT STATUSENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIESEXISTING WORKFORCEEXTERNALITIESFAMILY PLANNINGFEMALE LABORFEMALE LABOR FORCEFERTILITY RATEFORCED LABORFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMAL SECTOR WORKERSGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMHEALTH SERVICESHIGH EMPLOYMENTHOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHUMAN CAPITALILLITERACYILLNESSINCOMEINDUSTRIAL RELATIONSINFORMAL ECONOMYINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFORMAL SECTORINNOVATIONSINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONJOB CREATIONJOB LOSSJOB OPPORTUNITIESJOB PLACEMENTJOB PLACEMENT SERVICESJOB SEARCHJOB SECURITYJOB TENUREJOB TRAININGJOB-SEARCH ASSISTANCEJOBSLABOR CONTRACTLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE GROWTHLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR LAWLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET CONDITIONSLABOR MARKET INDICATORSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET POLICIESLABOR MARKET REGULATIONSLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOBILITYLABOR POLICYLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHLABOR REGULATIONLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR SUPPLYLESS EDUCATED PEERSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLITERACY RATESMANPOWERMARKET FAILURESMATERNITY LEAVEMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINIMUM WAGEMINIMUM WAGESMORTALITYMOTIVATIONNATURAL DISASTERSNUMBER OF BIRTHSNUMBER OF PEOPLEOCCUPATIONOCCUPATIONSORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREPAID WORKERSPART TIME EMPLOYMENTPAYING JOBSPENSIONSPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOPULATION GROWTHPOST-PROGRAM EMPLOYMENTPREVIOUS RESULTSPREVIOUS SECTIONPREVIOUS STUDIESPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOLINGPRIVATE COMPANIESPRIVATE EMPLOYMENTPRIVATE PARTNERSHIPPRIVATE PROVIDERSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENTPRIVATE TRAININGPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIESPROGRESSPROTECTING WORKERSPUBLIC WORKSPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMSQUALITY OF EDUCATIONREGULAR WORKERSREMITTANCESRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESPECTRETIREMENTRIGID LABOR MARKETRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL EMPLOYMENTRURAL WORKERSRURAL YOUTHSAFETYSAFETY NETSSALARIED WORKERSSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLINGSELF EMPLOYEDSELF EMPLOYMENTSERVICE PROVIDERSSERVICE SECTORSEVERANCE PAYSEVERANCE PAYMENTSKILLED WORKERSSKILLS DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL UNRESTSURVIVAL RATESTECHNICAL EDUCATIONTECHNICAL SKILLSTEMPORARY JOBTEMPORARY SAFETY NETTERTIARY EDUCATIONTRAINING AGENCIESTRAINING CENTERSTRAINING CONTENTSTRAINING INSTITUTIONTRAINING INSTITUTIONSTRAINING PERIODTRAINING PROGRAMTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING PROVIDERSTRAINING SERVICESTRAINING SYSTEMUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED WORKERSUNEMPLOYED YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN AREASVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE DISTRIBUTIONWAGE EMPLOYMENTWAGE LEVELWAGE POLICIESWAGE RATESWOMANWORK FORCEWORKERWORKER PRODUCTIVITYWORKERSWORKING CONDITIONSWORKING HOURSYOUNG WORKERSYOUNGER WORKERSYOUTH EMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE10.1596/17874