Jalil, Intan NadiaGil Sander, FredericoAli, Rabia2014-01-292014-01-292013-12https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16705Malaysia's economy regained momentum but yearly growth is set to decelerate in 2013. Export recovery into 2014 is expected to offset slower domestic demand and lead to a pick-up in growth. Fiscal consolidation is picking up pace with subsidy cuts, sin tax increases, and less generous public service bonuses. The full implementation of the minimum wage in January 2014 will provide an additional boost to households, as will increased cash transfers that are part of the government's strategy for subsidy rationalization and modernizing social protection. Malaysia performs very well with respect to access to education. Enrolments at primary and lower secondary levels are nearly universal and recent gains in pre-primary education have been note-worthy. Among East Asian countries that participated in the 2012 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), Malaysian students only outperform their Indonesian peers, and lag even lower-income countries (including, by a wide margin, Vietnam). Expenditure on basic education is more than double that of other Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries and the decline in learning outcomes occurred while inputs to education were expanding and the size of the student population was falling. The key constraints to improving the quality of basic education thus relate not to the quantity of inputs but institutions. 46 percent of principals report a lack of qualified teaching staff as a constraint, and Ministry of Education (MOE) admits that in recent years some candidates enrolling in teacher training institutions did not meet minimum requirements of academic achievement at the secondary level. Lifting these constraints entails refining some of the measures recommended in the Education Blueprint for high-performing education system: (1) moving towards school-based decision-making; (2) improving parental involvement and enhancing accountability; and (3) improving incentives and recruitment for teachers. The government may consider piloting fixed contract recruitments with tenure contingent on performance, and tying retraining and up-skilling efforts with certification.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADVANCED ECONOMIESAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIESAGRICULTURAL COMMODITYANNUAL GROWTHASSET POSITIONASSET QUALITYASSETSBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBANK DEBTBANKING SECTORBANKING SYSTEMBASIS POINTSBENCHMARKBENCHMARK INTEREST RATEBENEFICIARIESBILLSBUDGETINGCAPITAL GOODSCAPITAL INFLOWSCAPITAL MARKETSCAPITAL OUTFLOWSCAPITAL SECURITIESCASH TRANSFERSCENTRAL BANKCOMMODITY PRICESCOMPETITIVENESSCONSOLIDATIONCONSUMER GOODSCONSUMER PRICE INDEXCONSUMER PRICE INFLATIONCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURECONSUMPTION GROWTHCONTRIBUTIONS TO INVESTMENTSCORE INFLATIONCREDIT CARDSCREDIT GROWTHCURRENCYCURRENCY ASSETSCURRENCY SWAPSCURRENT ACCOUNTCURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCECURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSDEBTDEBT LEVELSDEBT RATIOSDEBT SECURITIESDEBT SECURITIES MARKETDEMAND-SIDE FACTORSDEPOSITSDEPRECIATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT AGENCIESDEVELOPMENT BANKDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDISBURSEMENTSDISORDERLY EXITDOMESTIC CONDITIONSDOMESTIC CURRENCYDOMESTIC DEMANDDOMESTIC DEMAND GROWTHDRAG ON GROWTHECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC MODELECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC STRUCTUREEMERGING ECONOMIESEQUIPMENTEQUITIESEQUITY MARKETEXCHANGE RATESEXPENDITURESEXPORT COMPETITIVENESSEXPORT GROWTHEXPORT MARKETEXPORT PERFORMANCEEXPORTSEXPOSUREEXTERNAL DEMANDEXTERNAL FINANCINGFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL SECTORFISCAL POLICYFISCAL POSITIONFIXED ASSETSFIXED CAPITALFIXED INVESTMENTSFLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATEFOOD PRICESFORECASTSFOREIGN ASSETSFOREIGN CURRENCIESFOREIGN CURRENCYFOREIGN CURRENCY ASSETSFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN HOLDINGSFOREIGN RESERVESGDPGDP PER CAPITAGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL LIQUIDITYGLOBAL MARKETGOVERNMENT BONDSGOVERNMENT DEBTGOVERNMENT FINANCESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATIONGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHOLDINGHOLDINGSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCESIMPORTIMPORT DEMANDIMPORT GROWTHIMPORTSINCOME LEVELINCOME TAXINCOME TAXESINFLATIONINFLATION DYNAMICSINFLATION RATEINFORMATION SYSTEMSINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINSTRUMENTINTEREST RATES ON MORTGAGEINTERNATIONAL RESERVESINTERNATIONAL TRADEINVENTORIESINVENTORYINVESTMENT ACTIVITYINVESTMENT BOOMINVESTMENT GOODSINVESTMENT PROJECTSISSUANCESLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLEVERAGELIQUIDITYLIQUIDITY CONDITIONSLIQUIDITY CRISISLIQUIDITY MANAGEMENTLOANLOW INTEREST RATESM3MACROECONOMIC STABILITYMARKET INFORMATIONMARKET SHAREMONETARY AUTHORITIESMONETARY CONDITIONSMONETARY FUNDMONETARY POLICIESMONETARY POLICYMORTGAGEMORTGAGE LOANSMORTGAGESNATIONAL INCOMENATURAL RESOURCESNET EXPORTSNON-PERFORMING LOANSOIL PRICESOIL REVENUEOUTPUT GAPPENSIONSPORTFOLIOPORTFOLIO FLOWSPORTFOLIO INVESTMENTSPOST-CRISIS PERIODPRIVATE CONSUMPTIONPRIVATE DEBTPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE INVESTMENTSPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPRUDENTIAL REGULATIONSPUBLIC FINANCESPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC INVESTMENTSPUBLIC SPENDINGPURCHASING POWERRE-EXPORTSREAL APPRECIATIONREAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATEREAL GDPREAL WAGE GROWTHRECESSIONREMUNERATIONRETURNREVALUATIONSHORT-TERM EXTERNAL DEBTSLOWDOWNSTRUCTURAL REFORMSSUPPLY CONDITIONSSUPPLY CONSTRAINTSSUPPLY SHOCKSSUPPLY-SIDESURPLUSTAXTAX COLLECTIONSTAX HIKESTAX INCREASESTAX REVENUESTOTAL INVESTMENTSTOTAL REVENUETRADE SHARESTRADINGTRADING PARTNERTRANSPARENCYUNCERTAINTIESUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEVALUE ADDEDWAGESWEALTHWORKING CAPITALWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORSWORLD TRADEWorld Bank10.1596/16705