Baracat, Elias A.Finger, J. MichaelThorne, Raúl LeónNogués, Julio J.2013-09-242013-09-242013978-0-8213-9986-610.1596/978-0-8213-9986-6https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15794Trade reform in Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s was in significant part a reform of policy-making institutions. The institutions that existed when the reforms began had been created in response to particular protectionist pressures at particular times, and afterward they were controlled by the interests on whose behalf they had been created. This book was prompted by preliminary evidence suggesting that the reforms have been better sustained in Peru than in Argentina. Peru has continued its liberalization whereas Argentina has imposed a number of new trade restrictions. Moreover, decisions on many of Argentina's restrictions have not gone through the new mechanisms. The objective of this book is to draw lessons from Peruvian and Argentine experience that will be useful to governments that want to maintain an open trade regime. From a positive perspective, the authors want to identify what the Peruvian government has done that has kept its liberalization moving forward. The Peru study focuses on how reform leaders in that country have reinforced the evolution of a new management culture and how they have disseminated widely in Peruvian society a positive vision of Peru in the international economy.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABOLITION OF TARIFFSAD VALOREMAGRICULTURAL TRADEANTIDUMPINGAUTONOMYAVERAGE TARIFFAVERAGE TARIFFSBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBALANCE OF TRADEBENCHMARKBILATERAL NEGOTIATIONSBILATERAL TRADEBILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTSBOUNDED RATIONALITYCAPITAL FLOWSCAPITAL GOODSCAPITAL PER WORKERCOMMERCIAL POLICYCOMMON MARKETCOMPETITION PRINCIPLESCOMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS OF GOODSCONSUMER INTERESTSCONSUMER SATISFACTIONCONSUMERSCONTROLLED PRICESCOUNTERVAILING MEASURESCURRENT ACCOUNTCURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCECUSTOMSDEBTDECISION MAKINGDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDEVELOPMENT STRATEGYDOMESTIC PRODUCERSDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONDUMPINGECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC ADMINISTRATIONECONOMIC AGREEMENTSECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC BEHAVIORECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC RESOURCESECONOMIC THEORYECONOMIC WELFAREECONOMICSECONOMICS LITERATUREELIMINATION OF TARIFFSEQUILIBRIUMEUROPEAN UNIONEXPORT EARNINGSEXPORT TAXEXPORTERSEXPORTSEXTERNAL DEBTEXTREME POVERTYFISCAL POLICYFOREIGN CURRENCYFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN MARKETSFOREIGN TRADEFREE COMPETITIONFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTFREE TRADE AGREEMENTSFREE TRADE AREAGDPGDP PER CAPITAGENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFSGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL MARKETSGLOBAL TRADEGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH RATEHUMAN BEHAVIORIMMUNITIESIMPORT BARRIERSIMPORT LICENSINGIMPORT RESTRICTIONIMPORT RESTRICTIONSIMPORT SUBSTITUTIONIMPORTED GOODSIMPORTSINCOMEINEFFICIENCYINFLATIONINFLATION RATEINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL COMMUNITYINTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESSINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONSINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINTERNATIONAL PRICESINTERNATIONAL RULESINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSIONINTRINSIC VALUEMACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIESMARKET PRICESMERCANTILISMMULTILATERAL AGREEMENTSMULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONSOPEN TRADEOPEN TRADE REGIMEOPENNESSPOLICY DECISIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL SYSTEMSPROCESS OF LIBERALIZATIONPRODUCTIVE RESOURCESPRODUCTIVITYPROPERTY RIGHTSPROTECTIONISTPROTECTIONIST PRESSURESPUBLIC POLICYQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONSREAL EXCHANGE RATERECIPROCAL CONCESSIONSRESERVERESOURCE ALLOCATIONROUND AGREEMENTSSURCHARGESTARIFF BINDINGSTARIFF DISPERSIONTARIFF EXEMPTIONSTARIFF LINESTARIFF POLICYTARIFF RATESTARIFF REDUCTIONTARIFF REDUCTIONSTARIFF REFORMTARIFF STRUCTURETAX RATESTAXATIONTELECOMMUNICATIONSTERMS OF TRADETEXTILE INDUSTRYTOURISMTRADE AGREEMENTTRADE AGREEMENTSTRADE ALERTTRADE BALANCETRADE BLOCTRADE CONTROL MEASURESTRADE FLOWSTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE NEGOTIATIONTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE OPENNESSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY REFORMTRADE POLICY REFORMSTRADE PREFERENCETRADE REFORMTRADE REMEDIESTRADE REMEDYTRADE RESTRICTIONTRADE RESTRICTIONSTRADE STRATEGYTRADING SYSTEMTRANSPARENT PROCESSESUNILATERAL LIBERALIZATIONURUGUAY ROUNDWAGESWORLD MARKETSWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9986-6