Laborde, DavidMartin, Will2014-09-022014-09-022012-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19926This survey concludes that including agriculture in the Doha Agenda negotiations was important both economically and politically, although the political resistance to reform is particularly strong in this sector. While agriculture accounts for less than 10 percent of merchandise trade, high and variable agricultural distortions appear to cause the majority of the cost of distortions to global merchandise trade. Within agriculture, most of the costs appear to arise from trade barriers levied on imports since these barriers tend to be high, variable across time and over products, and are levied by a wide range of countries. The negotiations faced a need for balance between discipline in reducing tariffs and hence creating the market access gains that are central to the negotiations, and flexibility in managing political pressures. While the approach of providing flexibility on a certain percentage of tariff lines is seriously flawed, the proposed Modalities still appear to provide worthwhile market access. Better ways appear to be needed to deal with developing countries' concerns about food price volatility while reducing the collective-action problems resulting from price insulation.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADMINISTRATIVE COSTSADVERSE IMPACTADVERSE IMPACTSAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL EXPORTERSAGRICULTURAL EXPORTSAGRICULTURAL GOODSAGRICULTURAL INCENTIVESAGRICULTURAL MARKETAGRICULTURAL MARKET ACCESSAGRICULTURAL MARKETSAGRICULTURAL NEGOTIATIONSAGRICULTURAL POLICIESAGRICULTURAL POLICYAGRICULTURAL PRICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL PROTECTIONAGRICULTURAL REFORMAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL SECTORSAGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIESAGRICULTURAL SUPPORTAGRICULTURAL TARIFFAGRICULTURAL TARIFFSAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATIONAGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICYAGRICULTUREAVERAGE TARIFFAVERAGE TARIFFSBARRIERS TO TRADEBENEFITS OF TRADECHANGES IN TRADECOMMERCIAL POLICYCOMMODITIESCOMMODITYCOMMODITY PRICESCONCESSIONSCONSUMERSCOTTONCUTTINGDEMAND ELASTICITYDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT POLICYDOMESTIC DISTORTIONSDOMESTIC PRICEDOMESTIC PRICESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC IMPLICATIONSECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC VALUEECONOMIC WELFAREEMERGING ECONOMIESEX ANTE ASSESSMENTEXCHANGE RATEEXPORTEXPORT BANSEXPORT COMPETITIONEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT OPPORTUNITIESEXPORT PROHIBITIONSEXPORT RESTRICTIONSEXPORT SUBSIDIESEXPORT SUPPLYEXPORT TAXEXPORT TAXESEXPORTSFAMINESFARMERSFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL SUPPORTFOOD PRICEFOOD PRICESFOOD SECURITYFOREIGN EXCHANGEFREE ACCESSGENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFSGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGLOBAL TRADEGLOBAL TRADE ANALYSISGRAINIMPORT BARRIERSIMPORT TARIFFIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORTSINCOMEINCOMESINDUSTRIAL COUNTRIESINDUSTRIAL COUNTRYINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTSINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSINTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONSINTERNATIONAL PRICESINTERNATIONAL TRADEITCLDCSLIBERALIZATION OF TRADEMARKET ACCESSMULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONSMULTILATERAL PROCESSMULTILATERAL TRADEMULTILATERAL TRADE LIBERALIZATIONNET EXPORTERSOPTIMAL TARIFFSPARTICULAR COUNTRYPOLITICAL ECONOMYPREFERENTIAL TRADEPREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTSPRICE VOLATILITYPROTECTION DATAPROTECTION RATESPROTECTIONISTPROTECTIVE TARIFFSPUBLIC POLICIESRATES OF PROTECTIONREAL INCOMEREDUCTIONS IN TARIFFSROUND OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONSSAFEGUARD MEASURESSHARE OF WORLD TRADESINGLE TARIFFSMALL COUNTRIESSMALL COUNTRYSPECIAL SAFEGUARDTARIFF BINDINGSTARIFF CONCESSIONSTARIFF EQUIVALENTSTARIFF LINETARIFF LINESTARIFF NEGOTIATIONSTARIFF PREFERENCESTARIFF PROTECTIONTARIFF RATETARIFF RATESTARIFF REDUCTIONSTAXTERMS OF TRADETRADE AGREEMENTSTRADE BARRIERTRADE BARRIERSTRADE DISTORTIONSTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE IN GOODSTRADE IN SERVICESTRADE LIBERALIZATION PROCESSTRADE MODELTRADE NEGOTIATIONTRADE POLICIESTRADE REFORMTRADE REGIMESTRADING SYSTEMTRANSPARENCYUNILATERAL LIBERALIZATIONURUGUAY ROUNDVOLUMEWELFARE FUNCTIONWORLD ECONOMYWORLD MARKETSWORLD PRICEWORLD PRICESWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTO10.1596/1813-9450-6261