Margolis, DavidRobalino, DavidRother, FriederikeNewhouse, DavidLundberg, Mattias2014-04-072014-04-072013-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17620This paper reviews the main challenges facing countries in attempting to improve labor market outcomes among youth, focusing on the issues that became starkly visible during the recent financial crisis. In order to better identify and set up human development interventions, the paper proposes an agenda that focuses on three areas: (1) improving the understanding of the causes and consequences of poor labor market outcomes for youth; (2) continuing to learn from the evaluation of pilots and programs that aim to promote productive employment among young people; and (3) addressing implementation issues which frequently overwhelm the best designs. The paper utilizes research on youth employment to take stock of youth labor market outcomes across regions, focusing on inactivity, unemployment, and employment indicators. A review of what is known about current interventions, including those that appear in the youth employment Inventory database of programs, provides the basis for determining the efficacy of five categories of intervention: (i) skills training (including vocational training, on-the-job-training programs, literacy and numeracy programs, second-chance and equivalency programs, and soft-skills programs); (ii) entrepreneurship promotion (financial assistance, technical assistance, and entrepreneurship training); (iii) subsidized employment (including wage subsidy programs, public works, and public/community service programs); (iv) employment services (including search assistance and access to labor market information, job counseling and placement services, and financial assistance for job search); and (v) reforms to labor market regulation (including anti-discrimination legislation) training programs, wage subsidies. Finally, the paper proposes an agenda for research and policy analysis in the area of human development that is expected to help both deepen the understanding of youth employment issues and improve the selection, design, and implementation of youth employment programs.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSADOLESCENTSADULT WORKERSAGE COHORTAGGREGATE DEMANDBARGAINING POWERBORROWINGCAPITAL MARKETSCAREER COUNSELINGCLASSROOM TRAININGCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOLLECTIVE BARGAININGCURRICULADEADWEIGHTDEADWEIGHT LOSSDIRECT JOB CREATIONDISMISSALDROPOUTSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC SLOWDOWNECONOMIC THEORYEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL CAPACITYEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYMENT EFFECTSEMPLOYMENT OFFICESEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESEMPLOYMENT POLICIESEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATIONEMPLOYMENT SERVICEEMPLOYMENT SERVICESEMPLOYMENT SPELLSEMPLOYMENT STATUSEMPLOYMENT SUBSIDIESEMPLOYMENT TRAININGENROLLMENTENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAININGEQUAL TREATMENTFINDING JOBSFIRST-TIME JOB SEEKERSFORMAL EDUCATIONFORMAL LABOR MARKETGANGSGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGROUP TRAININGHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHIGH WAGESHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMINCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMSINFORMAL ECONOMYINFORMAL SECTORINTERVENTIONSINVENTORYJOB COUNSELINGJOB CREATIONJOB DESTRUCTIONJOB DESTRUCTION RATESJOB EXPERIENCEJOB FAIRSJOB OFFERSJOB PLACEMENTJOB PLACEMENT SERVICESJOB SEARCHJOB SEARCH ASSISTANCEJOB SEEKERJOB SKILLSJOB-SEARCH ACTIVITIESJOB-SEARCH ASSISTANCEJOBSLABOR CONTRACTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET CONDITIONSLABOR MARKET EXPERIENCELABOR MARKET IMPACTLABOR MARKET INFORMATIONLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET PROGRAMSLABOR MARKET REFORMLABOR MARKET REFORMSLABOR MARKET REGULATIONLABOR MARKETSLABOR ORGANIZATIONLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR RESOURCESLABOURLAYOFFLEADERSHIPLEARNINGLIFE EXPECTANCYLITERACYLOCAL EMPLOYMENT OFFICELOCAL EMPLOYMENT OFFICESLONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENTMANDATORY SAVINGSMARKET FAILURESMINIMUM WAGEMINIMUM WAGESNUMERACYOCCUPATIONOCCUPATIONSOLDER WORKERSON-THE-JOB TRAININGPARTICIPATION RATESPAYROLL TAXESPERFORMANCE MANAGEMENTPERMANENT EMPLOYMENTPOLITICAL ECONOMYPRELIMINARY EVIDENCEPRELIMINARY RESULTSPRESENT VALUEPREVIOUS WORKPREVIOUS WORK EXPERIENCEPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIVATE COMPANIESPRIVATE COSTSPRIVATE PROVIDERSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE TRAININGPRIVATE TRAINING PROVIDERSPROCESS EVALUATIONSPRODUCT MARKETSPRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENTPRODUCTIVITYPROGRAM DESIGNPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC WORKSPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMSREGULAR EMPLOYMENTREGULAR WORKERRURAL AREASRURAL YOUTHSAFETYSAFETY NETSSCHOOLSSELF EMPLOYEDSERVANTSSERVICE PROVIDERSERVICE PROVIDERSSKILLED WORKERSSKILLS TRAININGSMALL BUSINESSSOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL COSTSSOCIAL INCLUSIONSTABLE JOBSSUBSIDIZED EMPLOYMENTSUBSIDIZED EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSSUBSIDIZED WORKERSUBSTITUTION EFFECTSTEMPORARY INCOME SUPPORTTEMPORARY JOBSTRAINING ASSISTANCETRAINING COMPONENTTRAINING COSTSTRAINING INSTITUTIONSTRAINING PERIODTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING PROVIDERSTRAINING SERVICESTRANSACTIONS COSTSUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED WORKERSUNEMPLOYED YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCEUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNEMPLOYMENT SPELLSUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN YOUTHURBAN YOUTH EMPLOYMENTVIOLENCEVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGVOCATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMSWAGE BILLWAGE EMPLOYMENTWAGE SUBSIDIESWAGE SUBSIDYWAGE SUBSIDY PROGRAMSWORK EXPERIENCEWORKERSYOUNG ADULTSYOUNG PEOPLEYOUNG WOMENYOUNG WORKERSYOUTH AGENDAYOUTH CRIMEYOUTH EMPLOYMENTYOUTH LABORYOUTH POPULATIONYOUTH TRAININGYOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMSYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES10.1596/17620