Schady, NorbertFiszbein, ArielFerreira, Francisco H.G.Keleher, NiallGrosh, MargaretOlinto, PedroSkoufias, Emmanuel2012-03-192012-03-192009978-0-8213-7352-1https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2597The report shows that there is good evidence that conditional cash transfers (CCTs) have improved the lives of poor people. Transfers generally have been well targeted to poor households, have raised consumption levels, and have reduced poverty, by a substantial amount in some countries. Offsetting adjustments that could have blunted the impact of transfers, such as reductions in the labor market participation of beneficiaries, have been relatively modest. Moreover, CCT programs often have provided an entry point to reforming badly targeted subsidies and upgrading the quality of safety nets. The report thus argues that CCTs have been an effective way to redistribute income to the poor, while recognizing that even the best-designed and best-managed program cannot fulfill all of the needs of a comprehensive social protection system. CCTs therefore need to be complemented with other interventions, such as workfare or employment programs and social pensions. The report also considers the rationale for conditioning the transfers on the use of specific health and education services by program beneficiaries. Conditions can be justified if households are under investing in the human capital of their children, for example, if they hold incorrect beliefs about the returns to these investments; if there is "incomplete altruism" between parents and their children; or if there are large externalities to investments in health and education. Political economy considerations also may favor conditional over unconditional transfers: taxpayers may be more likely to support transfers to the poor if they are linked to efforts to overcome poverty in the long term, particularly when the efforts involve actions to improve the welfare of children.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSENTEEISMABUSEACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCOUNTINGADVOCACY CAMPAIGNAGINGATMBANKSBASIC EDUCATIONBENEFICIARYBULLETINCALCULATIONSCASH TRANSFERCASH TRANSFER PROGRAMSCASH TRANSFERSCHILD HEALTHCHILD LABORCITIZENCITIZENSCONFLICTCONFLICT OF INTERESTCONTRIBUTIONSCOST­BENEFIT ANALYSISCOUNTERFACTUALCRIMECURRENT PROGRAMDEBIT CARDDECISION TREEDEMAND FOR SERVICESDEPENDENT CHILDRENDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT BANKDISSEMINATIONDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTHEARLY CHILDHOODEARLY INTERVENTIONEARNINGSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC SHOCKSELDERLYEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEMEEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSENTRY POINTEPIDEMICEXCHANGE RATESEXPERIMENTAL METHODSEXTREME POVERTYEXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDSEXTREMELY POOR PEOPLEFAMILIESFAMILY INCOMEFEMALE EDUCATIONFERTILITYFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL SUPPORTFOOD BASKETFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD FOR EDUCATIONFOOD SUBSIDIESGENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER DISPARITIES IN EDUCATIONGENDER GAPGENDER GAP IN EDUCATIONGEOGRAPHIC TARGETINGGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTHEALTH CAREHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH PROVIDERSHEALTH SERVICESHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL FORMATIONHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUSBANDSILLNESSIMMUNIZATIONIMMUNIZATIONSIMMUNODEFICIENCYIMPACT EVALUATIONIMPACT ON POVERTYIMPERFECT INFORMATIONIMPORTANT POLICYINCOMEINCOME LEVELSINCOME SUPPORTINEQUALITYINSTRUMENTAL VARIABLESINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINTERVENTIONINVESTINGINVESTMENT IN CHILDRENJOB SEARCHLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLEARNINGLEGAL STATUSLIVING STANDARDSLOANLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOW-INCOMELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMALNUTRITIONMARKET FAILURESMARKETING CAMPAIGNMEANS TESTINGMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMONETARY INCENTIVESMOTHERNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL LEVELSNEEDY FAMILIESNGONONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSNUTRITIONNUTRITION OUTCOMESNUTRITIONAL STATUSOLD-AGEOLDER CHILDRENORPHANSPARENTINGPARTICIPATION OF BENEFICIARIESPAYMENT SCHEDULESPENSIONPENSION SCHEMEPENSIONSPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPER CAPITA INCOMEPERINATAL CAREPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL PROCESSPOORPOOR CHILDRENPOOR FAMILIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INFRASTRUCTUREPOOR PEOPLEPOOR RURAL AREASPOPULATION EDUCATIONPOPULATION GROUPSPOPULATION SUBGROUPSPOSITIVE BEHAVIORSPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY IMPACTPOVERTY INDEXESPOVERTY LEVELPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY MAPSPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY PROGRAMSPOVERTY REDUCTIONPREGNANT WOMENPREVENTIVE HEALTH CAREPRICE INDEXPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRIVATE INVESTMENTSPROBABILITYPROGRAM EFFECTSPROGRAM IMPLEMENTATIONPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC INVESTMENTSPUBLIC POLICYQUALITY OF SERVICESRATE OF RETURNRATES OF RETURNREMITTANCESRESPECTRESPONSIBILITIESRISK MANAGEMENTRURALRURAL FAMILIESRURAL POORRURAL POPULATIONSSAFETY NETSAFETY NET PROGRAMSSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSAVINGS ACCOUNTSCHOLARSHIPSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL CHILDRENSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSENIORSERVICE PROVIDERSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL EXCLUSIONSOCIAL INDICATORSSOCIAL MARKETINGSOCIAL POLICIESSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENTSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL WELFARESOCIAL WORKERSSOCIOECONOMIC STATUSSUPPORT PROGRAMTARGETED TRANSFERSTARGETINGTEENSTRADITIONAL PRACTICETRANSFER AMOUNTSTRANSFER PROGRAMSTRANSPARENCYUNEMPLOYMENTURBAN AREASVACCINATIONVICIOUS CYCLEWAGESWELFARE PROGRAMSWORTHYOUNG CHILDRENWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7352-1