Winters, L. AlanHoekman, Bernard2012-06-212012-06-212005-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8624The substantial literature investigating the links between trade, trade policy, and labor market outcomes-both returns to labor and employment-has generated a number of stylized facts, but many open questions remain. This paper surveys the subset of the literature focusing on trade policy and integration into the world economy. Although in the longer run trade opportunities can have a major impact in creating more productive and higher paying jobs, this literature tends to take employment as given. A common finding is that much of the shorter run impacts of trade and reforms involve reallocation of labor or wage impacts within sectors. This reflects a pattern of expansion of more productive firms-especially export-oriented or suppliers to exporters-and contraction and adjustment of less productive enterprises in sectors that become subject to greater import competition. Wage responses to trade and trade reforms are generally greater than employment impacts, but trade can only explain a small fraction of the general increase in wage inequality observed in both industrial and developing countries in recent decades. A feature of the literature survey is that the focus is almost exclusively on industries producing goods. Given the importance of service industries as a source of employment and determinants of competitiveness, the paper argues that one priority area for future research is to study the employment effects of services trade and investment reforms.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSORPTIVE CAPACITYAGGREGATE TRADEAGRICULTUREASSETSBENCHMARKBUSINESS CYCLECAPITAL GOODSCAPITAL MOBILITYCENTRAL BANKCHANGES IN TRADECOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF TRADECOMPETITIVENESSCURRENCYCURRENT ACCOUNTDEMAND ELASTICITIESDEMAND SHOCKSDEPRECIATIONDEREGULATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDOMESTIC DEMANDECONOMETRIC ANALYSESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMICS LITERATUREEFFICIENCY WAGESELASTICITIESELASTICITYELASTICITY OF DEMANDEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPIRICAL RESEARCHEMPIRICAL STUDIESEMPLOYMENTEQUILIBRIUMEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATESEXPORT GROWTHEXPORT SECTORSEXPORTERSEXPORTSFACTOR ENDOWMENTSFACTOR MARKETSFACTOR PRICEFACTOR PRICE EQUALIZATIONFACTORS OF PRODUCTIONFISCAL POLICYFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN MARKETSFOREIGN TECHNOLOGIESFREE TRADEFREE TRADE IN GOODSFULL EMPLOYMENTFUTURE RESEARCHGDPGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSISGROWTH RATEHUMAN CAPITALIMPACT OF TRADEIMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATIONIMPERFECT COMPETITIONIMPORT COMPETITIONIMPORT PENETRATIONIMPORTSINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME LEVELSINDUSTRY TRADEINEFFICIENCYINTEREST RATESINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL TRADELABOR FORCELABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKETSMACROECONOMIC POLICYMARGINAL PRODUCTMARGINAL PROPENSITY TO IMPORTMEASURE OF TRADEMINIMUM WAGEMINIMUM WAGESMONEY SUPPLYMONOPOLISTIC COMPETITIONMULTIPLIER EFFECTMULTIPLIER EFFECTSNATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENTNEOCLASSICAL MODELSOPEN ECONOMIESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPRICE CHANGESPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCERSPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPRODUCTION FUNCTIONSPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHQUOTASREAL EXCHANGE RATEREAL EXCHANGE RATE CHANGESREAL WAGESREDUCTION IN TARIFFSRELATIVE PRICE OF GOODSSTRUCTURAL CHANGESURPLUS LABORTARIFF LEVELSTARIFF REDUCTIONSTECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESSTERMS OF TRADETIME SERIESTRADABLE GOODSTRADE INTEGRATIONTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE LIBERALIZATIONSTRADE MODELSTRADE MORETRADE OPENNESSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE REFORMTRADE REFORMSTRADE REGIMETRADE REGIMESTRADE SHOCKSTRADE VOLUMESUNEMPLOYMENTUNSKILLED LABORUNSKILLED WORKERSWAGE INEQUALITYWAGE RATESWAGE RIGIDITIESWAGESWORLD MARKETSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-3676